6.1 |
Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation
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6.2 |
Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation
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6.3 |
Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation
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§ USAGE NOTES
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6.4 |
The dialogue in 6.3 begins in a way that indicates it to be the continuation of some previous conversation. If it were starting fresh, Surindar would more likely have said : /maṭhiāī lͻ/.
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§ PRONUNCIATION
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6.5 |
Punjabi /ṭ ḍ ṇ/ are retroflex sounds. This means that they are pronounced with the tip of the tongue turned slightly back and touching the roof of the mouth a little behind the gums. Punjabi /ṭ/ is slightly farther back than English 't'./ḍ/ and /ṇ/ are pronounced with the same tongue position as /ṭ/. All of these vary a little, of course, from word to word.
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English 't d n' are commonly retroflex when they follow 'r' as in 'Burt. bird, burn'. Pronounce each of these and hold the final tongue position so that you can observe carefully. Because retroflex sounds are heard in English only after 'r', Americans sometimes think they hear an 'r'-like sound before /ṭ ḍ ṇ/. (Of course, this could not be /r/, because this is not 'r'-like.)
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The following words will be useful for practice. First your instructor will pronounce the list a couple of times. Listen for the differences between retroflex and dental sounds. Then pronounce the words,
carefully imitating his model.
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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ਮੋਤੀ |
motī |
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ਮੋਟੀ |
moṭī |
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ਮੋਦੀ |
modī |
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ਮੋਢ੍ਹੀ |
móḍī |
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ਮੋਨੀ |
monī |
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ਮੋਹਣੀ |
móṇī |
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ਸੀਤੀ |
sītī |
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ਸੀਟੀ |
sī́ṭī |
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ਸਾਦੀ |
sādī |
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ਸਾਡੀ |
sāḍī |
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ਸੋਨਾ |
sonā |
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ਸੋਹਣੀ |
sóṇī |
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ਪਤਾ |
patā |
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ਪਟਾ |
paṭā |
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ਪਦਾ |
padā |
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ਪੀਡ੍ਹਾ |
pī́ḍā |
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ਚਨਾ |
čanā |
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ਪਣਾ |
paṇā |
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ਕੀਤੀ |
kītī |
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ਕੱਟੀ |
kaṭṭī |
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ਕੀਹਦਾ |
kī́dā |
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ਕਾਢਾ |
kā́ḍā |
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ਕਾਨਾ |
kānā |
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ਕਾਣਾ |
kāṇā |
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ਜਤ |
jat |
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ਜਟ |
jaṭ |
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ਜਦ |
jad |
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ਜੇਡੀ |
jeḍī |
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ਜਾਨੀ |
jānī |
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ਜਾਣੀ |
jāṇī |
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ਬਹੁਤਾ |
bͻ́tā |
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ਬਟੂਆ |
baṭūā |
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ਬੰਦੀ |
bãdī |
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ਬੰਡੀ |
bãḍī |
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ਬਾਨੀ |
bānī |
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ਬਾਣੀ |
bāṇī |
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ਲਤ |
lat |
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ਲਟ |
laṭ |
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ਲਦ |
lad |
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ਕਢ੍ਹ |
káḍ |
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ਲਾਨੀ |
lānī |
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ਲਾਣੀ |
lāṇī |
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6.6 |
/ṭ/ also has an aspirated counterpart, /ṭh/. This makes it necessary, of course, to pronounce /ṭ/ quite unaspirated. The following words will be useful for practice.
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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ਥੋਕ |
thok |
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ਠੋਕ |
ṭhok |
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ਥਪ |
thap |
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ਠਾਪ |
ṭhāp |
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ਥਾਣ |
thāṇ |
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ਠਾਣ |
ṭhāṇ |
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ਸਾਥੀ |
sāthī |
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ਪਾਠੀ |
pāṭhī |
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ਹਾਥੀ |
hāthī |
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ਕਾਠੀ |
kāṭhī |
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ਪੱਥੀ |
patthī |
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ਪੱਠੀ |
paṭṭhī |
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ਲਥ |
lath |
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ਲਠ |
laṭh |
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ਹਥ |
hath |
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ਹਠ |
haṭh |
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ਚੌਥ |
čͻth |
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ਚੌਂਹਠ |
čͻ̃́ṭh |
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ਟੀਕ |
ṭīk |
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ਠੀਕ |
ṭhīk |
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ਟੋਕ |
ṭok |
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ਠੋਕ |
ṭhok |
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ਟਪ |
ṭap |
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ਠਪ |
ṭhap |
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ਪਾਟੀ |
pāṭī |
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ਪਾਠੀ |
pāṭhī |
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ਲਾਟੀ |
lāṭī |
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ਲਾਠੀ |
lāṭhī |
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ਸੋਟੀ |
soṭī |
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ਕੋਠੀ |
koṭhī |
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ਚਟ |
čaṭ |
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ਚਠ |
čaṭh |
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ਹਟ |
haṭ |
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ਹਠ |
haṭh |
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ਕਟ |
kaṭ |
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ਕਠ |
kaṭh |
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§ PATTERN PRACTICE
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6.7
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਏਹ ਸਸਤੀ ਏ। |
é sastī e. |
It is cheap. |
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ਬਰਫੀ ਸਸਤੀ ਏ। |
barfī sastī e. |
/barfī/ is cheap. |
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ਗੋਭੀ ਸਸਤੀ ਏ। |
góbī sastī e. |
Cauliflower is cheap. |
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ਕਲਾਕੰਦ ਮਹਿੰਗੀ ਏ। |
kalākãd mɛ̃́gī e. |
/kalākãd/ is expensive. |
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6.8
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਏਹ ਸਸਤੀਆਂ ਨੇ। |
é sastīā̃ ne. |
These are cheap. |
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ਜਲੇਬੀਆਂ ਸਸਤੀਆਂ ਨੇ। |
jalebīā̃ sastīā̃ ne. |
The /jalebīā̃/ are cheap. |
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ਨਰੰਗੀਆਂ ਮਹਿੰਗੀਆਂ ਨੇ। |
narãgīā̃ mɛ̃́gīā̃ ne. |
The oranges are expensive. |
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ਮੱਠੀਆਂ ਚੰਗੀਆਂ ਨੇ। |
maṭṭhīā̃ čãgīā̃ ne. |
The /maṭṭhīā̃/ are good. |
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6.9
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਏ ਸਸਤੀ ਏ। |
é sastī e. |
It is cheap. |
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ਦੁੱਧ ਸਸਤਾ ਏ। |
dúd sastā e. |
Milk is cheap. |
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ਕੇਲਾ ਚੰਗਾ ਏ। |
kelā čãgā e. |
The banana is good. |
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ਅੰਬ ਤਾਜ਼ਾ ਏ। |
ãb tāzā e. |
The mango is fresh. |
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ਫੁਲਕਾ ਚੰਗਾ ਏ। |
phulkā čãgā e. |
The bread is good. |
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6.10
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਏਹ ਸਸਤੇ ਨੇ। |
é saste ne. |
These are cheap. |
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ਕੇਲੇ ਸਸਤੇ ਨੇ। |
kele saste ne. |
The bananas are cheap. |
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ਸੰਤਰੇ ਮਹਿੰਗੇ ਨੇ। |
sãtre mɛ̃́ge ne. |
The oranges are expensive. |
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ਅੰਬ ਚੰਗੇ ਨੇ। |
ãb čãge ne. |
The mangoes are good. |
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ਲੱਡੂ ਤਾਜ਼ੇ ਨੇ। |
laḍḍū tāze ne. |
The /laḍḍū/ are fresh. |
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6.11
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਅਸੀਂ ਲੱਡੂ ਬਣਾਏ। |
asī̃ laḍḍū baṇāe. |
We made / laḍḍū/. |
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ਮੈਂ ਫੁਲਕਾ ਬਣਾਇਆ। |
mɛ̃ phulkā baṇāiā. |
I made /phulkā/. |
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ਅਸੀਂ ਬਰਫੀ ਬਣਾਈ। |
asī̃ barfī baṇāī. |
We made /barfī/. |
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ਮੈਂ ਆਪ ਜਲੇਬੀਆਂ ਬਣਾਈਆਂ। |
mɛ̃ āp jalebīā̃ baṇāīā̃. |
I myself made /jalebīā̃/. |
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6.12 |
Punjabi nouns are divided into two genders. The following are feminine.
Feminine nouns can be used in patterns 6.7 and 6.8.
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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ਜਲੇਬੀਆਂ |
jalebīā̃ |
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ਬਰਫੀ |
barfī |
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ਕਲਾਕੰਦ |
kalākãd |
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ਮੱਠੀ |
maṭṭhī |
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ਨਾਰੰਗੀ |
nārãgī |
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ਗੋਭੀ |
góbī |
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ਸਬਜ਼ੀ |
sabzī |
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ਮੇਥੀ |
methī |
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ਚਾਹ |
čā́ |
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ਕਾਫੀ |
kāfī |
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The following nouns are masculine. Masculine nouns can be used in patterns 6.9 and 6.10.
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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ਲੱਡੂ |
laḍḍū |
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ਪੇਠਾ |
peṭhā |
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ਦੁੱਧ |
dúd |
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ਪਾਣੀ |
pāṇī |
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ਸੰਤਰਾ |
sãtrā |
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ਅੰਬ |
ãb |
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ਕੇਲਾ |
kelā |
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ਫਲ |
phal |
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ਫੁਲਕਾ |
phulkā |
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ਸ਼ਰਬਤ |
šarbat |
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You can detemine the gender of a Punjabi noun by finding it used in one of these patterns—or many others where gender controls. When you get to Punjab, you will learn many new words just by hearing them used. No one will tell you whether they are masculine or feminine; you will have to find out for yourself. So get the habit of watching for evidence. Next time you review past dialogues and pattern practices look for evidence of
gender for these and other nouns not listed.
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§ Counting |
6.13 |
Several of the following numbers are already familiar to you.
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਇਕ |
ik |
‘one’ |
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ਦੋ |
do |
‘two’ |
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ਤਿੰਨ |
tin |
‘three’ |
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ਚਾਰ |
čār |
‘four’ |
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ਪੰਜ |
pãj |
‘five’ |
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ਛੇ |
čhe |
‘six’ |
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ਸਤ |
sat |
‘seven’ |
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ਅੱਠ |
aṭh |
‘eight’ |
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ਨੌਂ |
nͻ̃ |
‘nine’ |
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ਦਸ |
das |
‘ten’ |
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With the exception of /ik/, they can all be used in very much the same constructions. /ik/ must be used with singular nouns.
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਇਕ ਸੰਤਰਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਏ। |
ik sãtrā čā́īdā e. |
I want one orange. |
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ਵੀਹ ਸੰਤਰੇ ਚਾਹੀਦੇ ਨੇ। |
wī́ sãtre čā́īde ne. |
I want twenty oranges. |
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ਤੀਹ ਸੰਤਰੇ ਚਾਹੀਦੇ ਨੇ। |
tī́ sãtre čā́īde ne. |
I want thirty oranges. |
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ਇਕ ਰੁਪਿਆ ਦਿਆਂਗਾ। |
ik rupiā diā̃gā. |
I will give one rupee. |
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ਚਾਲ਼ੀ ਰੁਪੈ ਦਿਆਂਗਾ। |
čāḷī rupɛ diā̃gā. |
I will give forty rupees. |
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ਸੱਠ ਰੁਪੈ ਦਿਆਂਗਾ। |
saṭh rupɛ diā̃gā. |
I will give sixty rupees. |
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Practice using all the numerals in these and other similar frames. Several other suitable ones
can be found in past dialogues and pattern practices.
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