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Lesson 15

Lohri (the winter festival of fire) – future tense, past tense.

15.1	Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਜਨਵਰੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੋਹੜੀ ਆਏਗੀ।	janwarī wič lóṛī āegī.	In January, will come Lohri.
ਸਾਰੇ ਮੁੰਡੇ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਇਕੱਠੇ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਗੀਤ ਗਾਉਣਗੇ।	sāre mũḍe kuṛīā̃ ikaṭṭhe ho ke gīt gͻ́ṇge.	All the boys and girls will gather together and sing.
ਘਰੋ ਘਰੀ ਜਾ ਕੇ ਲੋਹੜੀ ਮੰਗਣਗੇ।	kàro kàrī jā ke lóṛī mãgaṇge.	Going from house to house they will ask for Lohri.
ਲੋਕ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਫੁੱਲੇ ਰਿਉੜੀਆਂ ਦੇਣਗੇ।	lok ónā̃ nū̃ phulle rioṛīā̃ deṇge.	The people will give them popcorn and /rioṛīā̃/.
ਕਈ ਗੁੜ ਦੀਆਂ ਭੇਲੀਆਂ ਵੀ ਦੇਣਗੇ।	kaī guṛ dīā̃ pèlīā̃ wī deṇge.	They will also give them some cakes of /guṛ/.
ਲੋਹੜੀ ਦੀ ਰਾਤ ਨੂੰ ਅੱਗ ਬਾਲੀ ਜਾਏਗੀ।	lóṛī dī rāt nū̃ ag bāḷī jāegī.	On the night of Lohri, a fire will be lit.
ਅੱਧੀ ਰਾਤ ਤਾਈਂ ਮੁੰਡੇ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਨਚਦੇ ਤੇ ਗਾਉਂਦੇ ਰਹਿਣਗੇ।	áddī rāt tāī̃ mũḍe kuṛīā̃ načde te gͻ̃de rɛ̃́ṇge.	The boys and girls will go on singing and dancing untill midnight.
ਵੱਡੇ ਕੋਲ ਬੈਠੇ ਵੇਖਦੇ ਰਹਿਣਗੇ।	waḍḍe koḷ bɛṭhe wekhde rɛ̃́ṇge.	The older people will sit near by and watch.
ਸਾਰੇ ਖ਼ੁਸ਼ੀਆਂ ਮਨਾਉਣਗੇ।	sāre khušīā̃ manͻ́ṇge.	Every body will be happy.
ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਹਸਦਿਆਂ ਗਾਉਂਦਿਆਂ ਲੋਹੜੀ ਦੀ ਰਾਤ ਲੰਘ ਜਾਏਗੀ।	is tarā̃ hasdiā̃ gͻ̃diā̃ lóṛī dī rāt lã́g jāegī.	In this way, the night of Lohri will be passed in laughing and singing.


15.2	Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਜਨਵਰੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੋਹੜੀ ਆਉਂਦੀ ਏ।	janwarī wič lóṛī ͻ̃dī e.	In January, comes Lohri.
ਸਾਰੇ ਮੁੰਡੇ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਇਕੱਠੇ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਗੀਤ ਗਾਉਂਦੇ ਨੇ।	sāre mũḍe kuṛīā̃ ikaṭṭhe ho ke gīt gͻ̃de ne.	All the boys and girls gather together and sing.
ਘਰੋ ਘਰੀ ਜਾ ਕੇ ਲੋਹੜੀ ਮੰਗਦੇ ਨੇ।	kàro kàrī jā ke lóṛī mãgde ne.	Going from house to house they ask for Lohri.
ਲੋਕ ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਫੁੱਲੇ ਰਿਉੜੀਆਂ ਦੇਂਦੇ ਨੇ।	lok ónā̃ nū̃ phulle rioṛīā̃ dẽde ne.	The people give them popcorn and /rioṛīā̃/.
ਕਈ ਗੁੜ ਦੀਆਂ ਭੇਲੀਆਂ ਵੀ ਦੇਂਦੇ ਨੇ।	kaī guṛ dīā̃ pèlīā̃ wī dẽde ne.	They also give them some cakes of /guṛ/.
ਲੋਹੜੀ ਦੀ ਰਾਤ ਨੂੰ ਅੱਗ ਬਾਲੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਏ।	lóṛī dī rāt nū̃ ag bāḷī jā̃dī e.	On the night of Lohri, a fire is lit.
ਅੱਧੀ ਰਾਤ ਤਾਈਂ ਮੁੰਡੇ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਨਚਦੇ ਤੇ ਗਾਉਂਦੇ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਨੇ।	áddī rāt tāī̃ mũḍe kuṛīā̃ načde te gͻ̃de rɛ̃́de ne.	The boys and girls sing and dance untill midnight.
ਵੱਡੇ ਕੋਲ ਬੈਠੇ ਵੇਖਦੇ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਨੇ।	waḍḍe koḷ bɛṭhe wekhde rɛ̃́de ne.	The older people sit near by and watch.
ਸਾਰੇ ਖ਼ੁਸ਼ੀਆਂ ਮਨਾਉਂਦੇ ਨੇ।	sāre khušīā̃ manͻ̃de ne.	Every body is happy.
ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਹਸਦਿਆਂ ਗਾਉਂਦਿਆਂ ਲੋਹੜੀ ਦੀ ਰਾਤ ਲੰਘ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਏ।	es tarā̃ hasdiā̃ gͻ̃diā̃ lóṛī dī rāt lã́g jā̃dī e.	In this way, the night of Lohri passes in laughter and singing.


15.3	Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਪੰਜਾਬ ਕਿਸਾਨਾਂ ਦਾ ਦੇਸ਼ ਏ।	pãjāb kisānā̃ dā des e.	Punjab is a land of farmers.
ਏਥੋਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਜ਼ਮੀਨਾਂ ਬੜੀਆਂ ਜ਼ਰਖ਼ੇਜ ਨੇ,	ethõ dīā̃ zamīnā̃ baṛīā̃ zarkhez ne,	The land is very fertile,
ਤੇ ਲੋਕ ਬੜੇ ਮਿਹਨਤੀ ਨੇ।	te lok baṛe méntī ne.	And the people are very hard working.
ਹਲ ਵਾਹੁੰਦੇ ਤੇ ਕਣਕਾਂ ਬੀਜਦੇ ਨੇ।	hal wͻ̃́de te kaṇkā̃ bījde ne.	They plough and plant wheat.
ਰਜਵੀਂ ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾ ਕੇ ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਕਿਸਾਨ ਤਕੜੇ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਨੇ।	rajwī̃ roṭī khā ke pãjāb de kisān takṛe rɛ̃́de ne.	Because they eat rich food, the farmers of Punjab are strong.
ਮੇਲਿਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਜਾ ਕੇ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਗੱਭਰੂ ਭੰਗੜਾ ਪਾਉਂਦੇ ਨੇ।	meliā̃ wič jā ke pãjābī gábrū pã̀gṛā pͻ̃de ne.g	When they go to a fair, the Punjabi young men dance the /pã̀gṛā/.
ਸਾਉਣ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਖੂਹ ਤੇ ਜਾ ਕੇ ਪੀਘਾਂ ਝੂਟਦੀਆਂ ਨੇ।	sāwīā̃ wič kuṛīā̃ khū́ te jā ke pī̃́gā̃ čū̀ṭdīā̃ ne.	In the month of /sāwan/ the girls go to the well and swing on the swings.
ਮੁੰਡੇ ਕਬੱਡੀ ਖੇਢਦੇ ਨੇ।	mũḍe kabaḍḍī khéḍde ne.	The boys play /kabaḍḍī/.
ਕਈ ਥਾਵਾਂ ਤੇ ਘੋਲ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਨੇ।	kaī thāwā̃ te kòḷ hũde ne.	In various places they have wrestling matches.
ਵੱਡੇ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਕਈ ਮੁੰਡੇ ਫੌਜ ਵਿੱਚ ਭਰਤੀ ਹੋ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਨੇ।	waḍḍe ho ke kaī mũḍe fͻj wič pàrtī ho jā̃de ne.	When they grow up, many of the boys enlist in the army.
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਕਿਸਾਨ ਖੂਹ ਵਾਹੁੰਦੇ ਤੇ ਪਾਣੀ ਲਾਉਂਦੇ ਨੇ।	pãjābī kisān khū́ wͻ̃́de te pāṇī lͻ̃de ne.	The Punjabi farmers operate the wells and lead the water (over the land).
ਇਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਉਹ ਖੇਤਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੁੱਝੇ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਨੇ।	is tarā̃ ó khetā̃ wič rújje rɛ̃́de ne.	In this way they are kept busy in the fields.

§ USAGE NOTES

15.4

ਗੁੜ /guṛ/ is the dark brown sugar produced by simply boiling down sugarcane juice. It usually appears as large solid cakes.

ਰਿਓੜੀ /rioṛī/ is a confection made of /guṛ/ and sesame seeds.

15.5

Certain pairs of words that are conventionally associated are commonly joined by mere juxtaposition without /te/ ‘and’. There are three examples in 15.1 : /mũḍḍe kuṛīā̃/ ‘boys and girls’. /phulle rioṛīā̃/ ‘popcorn and /rioṛīā̃/’, /hasde gͻ̃de/ ‘laughing and singing’.

15.6

ਭੰਗੜਾ/pã̀gṛā/ is a dance for men only. It is common only in rural areas.

The traditional Hindu calendar has twelve months in the year. It is solar like the Western calendar, but the divisions do not coincide. The month of /sāwan/ falls in July and August. There are four sundays in the month, each known as /sāwā̃/. There is a small /melā/ on each of these in most villages. /sāwiā̃ wič/ means literally on these festivals. Everyone is expected to swing at least once, but, of course, it is the younger people that make the most of it.

ਕਬੱਡੀ /kabaḍḍī/ is a game played by two groups of boys. One boy crosses over to the other side, tags someone and tries to escape to his own side of the line. His opponent tries to hold him. All this is done during one breath, the player saying /kabaḍḍī kabaḍḍī.../ as long as he can. It may be played at any time of the year, but is commonest in /sāwan/. At this time the crop has been harvested, the land ploughed, but not yet planted. /kabaḍḍī/ is played in the fields in connection with the /sāwā̃/ festival.

ਘੋਲ਼ /kòḷ/, wrestling matches, are also especially common at this same season. It is the slack season in farm work.

§ GRAMMAR

15.7

Most of the verbs in 15.1 are in the future tense. For comparison, the same description has been repeated in 15.2 in the present tense. The latter is a much more usual form of presentation. The future tense verbs will be seen always to agree with the subject, that is with the same noun phrase as the present tense verb.

15.8

The forms of the future tense are as follows :

	'go'		'say'		'remain'
Masculine Subjects:	Gurmukhi	Transcription	Gurmukhi	Transcription	Gurmukhi	Transcription
‘I will...’	ਜਾਊਂਗਾ	jāū̃gā	ਬੋਲੂੰਗਾ	bolū̃gā	ਰਹੂੰਗਾ	raū̃́gā
‘You will...’	ਜਾਏਂਗਾ	jāẽgā	ਬੋਲੇਂਗਾ	bolẽgā	ਰਵੇਂਗਾ	rawẽgā
‘He will...’	ਜਾਏਗਾ	jāegā	ਬੋਲੇਗਾ	bolegā	ਰਵੇਗਾ	rawegā
‘We will...’	ਜਾਵਾਂਗੇ	jāwā̃ge	ਬੋਲਾਂਗੇ	bolā̃ge	ਰਵਾਂਗੇ	rawā̃ge
‘You will...’	ਜਾਓਗੇ	jāoge	ਬੋਲੋਗੇ	bologe	ਰਵੋਗੇ	rawoge
‘They will...’	ਜਾਣਗੇ	jāṇge	ਬੋਲਣਗੇ	bolaṇge	ਰਹਿਣਗੇ	rέṇge

	'go'		'say'		'remain'
Feminine Subjects:	Gurmukhi	Transcription	Gurmukhi	Transcription	Gurmukhi	Transcription
‘I will...’	ਜਾਊਂਗੀ	jāū̃gī	ਬੋਲੂੰਗੀ	bolū̃gī	ਰਹੂੰਗੀ	raū̃́gī
‘You will...’	ਜਾਏਂਗੀ	jāẽgī	ਬੋਲੇਂਗੀ	bolẽgī	ਰਵੇਂਗੀ	rawẽgī
‘She will...’	ਜਾਏਗੀ	jāegī	ਬੋਲੇਗੀ	bolegī	ਰਵੇਗੀ	rawegī
‘We will...’	ਜਾਵਾਂਗੀਆਂ	jāwā̃gīā̃	ਬੋਲਾਂਗੀਆਂ	bolā̃gīā̃	ਰਵਾਂਗੀਆਂ	rawā̃gīā̃
‘You will...’	ਜਾਓਗੀਆਂ	jāogīā̃	ਬੋਲੋਗੀਆਂ	bologīā̃	ਰਵੋਗੀਆਂ	rawogīā̃
‘They will...’	ਜਾਣਗੀਆਂ	jāṇgīā̃	ਬੋਲਣਗੀਆਂ	bolaṇgīā̃	ਰਹਿਣਗੀਆਂ	rέṇgīā̃

There is no need to memorize these lists. They are given primarily to explain the forms that have appeared from time to time in this and past lessons. Note that the feminine forms are exactly like the masculine except that /-ī/ and /-īā̃/ are substituted for /-ā/ and /-e/.

15.9

The constuction with /ke/ that appears in sentences 2, 3, 15, 16, 17 and 20 is one that has occurred before. It has been translated in a wide variety of ways, and still others are possible. Translation, therefore, may be even less helpful than usual.

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਪੀ ਕੇ ਆਇਆਂ।	pī ke āiā̃.	‘I drank just before I came’.
ਚਿੜੀ ਨੇ ਖਿਚੜੀ ਰਿੰਨ੍ਹ ਕੇ ਖਾ ਲਈ।	čiṛī ne khičṛī rĩ́n ke khā laī.	‘After the sparrow cooked the /khičṛī/ she ate it’.
ਕਾਂ ਪਾਣੀ ਲੈ ਕੇ ਆਇਆ।	kā̃ pāṇī lɛ ke āiā.	‘The crow got water and came’.

15.10

The construction ends with a verb stem (that is a verb without any tense marking suffix) followed by /ke/. There may be other words, most frequently objects. If this construction is removed, the remainder of the sentences generally is quite acceptable.

	Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
	ਚਿੜੀ ਨੇ ਖਾ ਲਈ।	čiṛī ne khā laī.	‘The sparrow ate’.

15.11

The verb stem as it is seen before /ke/ is conveniently thought of as the base from which all other verb forms can be made. Various endings can be added to it. When this is done, many verb stems make no change at all. Others make only verb minor changes.

All verb stems with normal tone change to high tone in the future. This is the only change for many. /čūp/ ‘suck’ is an example of this sort. The present tense is /čūpdā e/, the past tense is /čūpiā/, the future is /čūpū̃gā/.

Other changes are minimal. In /bol/ ‘say’, some froms have /l/ : /boldā e/, /boliā/, /bolū̃gā/. /bol/ was selected in this lesson to illustrate the most simple and regular set of future forms.

In a few the changes are mere extensive. /rέ/ ‘live, remain’ has /rɛ̃́dā e/, /riā́/, /raū̃́gā/, and the stem does not remain the same throughout the future. This verb was selected to illustrate the extreme of complexity in the future. It is not irregular, however, as other stems ending in /ɛ/ are subject to all the same changes. An example is /lɛ/ ‘take’ with /laū̃gā/, /lawegā/, /lέṇge/ and all other future forms parallel to those of /rέ/. The present and the past are /lɛ̃dā e/ and /liā/.

One verb stem is very irregular, changing completly in the past. /jā/ ‘go’ has the forms /ͻ̃dā e/, /giā/, /jāū̃gā/. But the only irregularity is in the past. That is no trouble, because the verb is so frequent that it is quickly learned.

15.12

There are a few other details that look like irregularities, but really are not. For example, if we take /bolā̃ge/ ‘we will speak’ as a model, we might expect /jāwā̃ge/ ‘we will go’. 15.8 lists /jāwā̃ge/. This is perfectly regular. There are a few regular patterns that apply when certain combinations of sounds would occur. One is to insert /w/ between two /ā/. These are puzzling at first, but will quickly become natural and automatic.

15.13

As we have noted, the one extreme case of irregularity is in the past tense form /giā/ ‘went’. (Note that this is the one really strange past tense in English too). There are a number of other past tense forms that are unpredictable, though not as strange as /giā/. Most of these are very common verbs : /de/ ‘give’ /dittā/, /kar/ ‘do’ /kītā/, /rĩ́n/ ‘cook’ /rídā/, /khā/ ‘eat’ /khā́dā/, /pī/ ‘drink’ /pītā/. That is not the whole list, but it is not really a very long one. Most of them you will learn fairly soon.

§ PATTERN PRACTICE

15.14

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਮੁੰਡੇ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਸਕੂਲ ਨੂੰ ਤੁਰੇ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਨੇ।	mũḍe kuṛīā sakūl nū̃ ture jā̃de ne.	The boys and girls walk to school.
ਕਿਸਾਨ ਖੇਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਚਲੇ ਗਏ।	kisān khetā̃ nū̃ čale gae.	The farmers went to the fields.
ਓਹ ਕਲ੍ਹ ਏਥੇ ਆ ਜਾਣਗੇ।	ó kál ethe ā jāṇge.	They will come here tomarrow.
ਔਰਤ ਨੇ ਖੂਹ ਤੇ ਜਾ ਕੇ ਪਾਣੀ ਲਿਆ।	ͻrat ne khū́ te jā ke pāṇī liā.	The woman went to the well and got water.

15.15

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਲੋਕ ਓਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਲੋਹੜੀ ਦੇਣਗੇ।	lok ónā̃ nū̃ lóṛī deṇge.	The people will give them Lohri.
ਮਿਰਜ਼ੇ ਨੇ ਬੇਗ ਨੂੰ ਪੈਨਸਿਲ ਦਿੱਤੀ।	mirze ne beg nū̃ pɛnsil dittī.	Mirza gave Beg a pencil.
ਕਿਸਾਨ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਖਰਬੂਜ਼ੇ ਦੇਂਦੇ ਨੇ।	kisān lokā̃ nū̃ kharbuze dẽde ne.	The farmers are giving the people melons.
ਲੋਕ ਓਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਈਦੀ ਦੇ ਕੇ ਖੁਸ਼ ਹੁੰਦੇ ਨੇ।	lok ónā̃ nū̃ īdī de ke khuš hũde ne.	The people gave them /īdī/ and were happy.

15.16

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਕਿਸਾਨ ਕਲ੍ਹ ਬਹੁਤ ਕੰਮ ਕਰੇਗਾ।	kisān kál bͻ́t kãm karegā.	Tomorrow the farmer will work hard.
ਪਿੰਡ ਦੀਆਂ ਔਰਤਾਂ ਨੇ ਘਰਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਾਫ ਕੀਤਾ।	pĩḍ dīā̃ ͻrtā̃ ne kàrā̃ nū̃ sāf kītā.	The village women cleaned the houses.
ਵੱਡੇ ਲੋਕ ਬਾਗ ਵਿਚ ਸੈਰ ਕਰਦੇ ਨੇ।	waḍḍe lok bāg wič sɛr karde ne.	The older people are walking in the park.
ਔਰਤਾਂ ਨੇ ਘਰਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਾਫ ਕਰ ਕੇ ਦਾਲ ਰਿੱਧੀ।	ͻrtā̃ ne kàrā̃ nū̃ sāf kar ke dāl ríddī.	The women, having cleaned the houses, cooked /dāl/.

15.17

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਓਹਨੇ ਚੌਲ ਰਿੰਨ੍ਹ ਕੇ ਖਾਧੇ।	óne čͻl rĩ́n ke khā́de.	She cooked and ate rice.
ਓਹ ਮਿੱਠੇ ਚੌਲ ਰਿੰਨ੍ਹੇਗੀ।	ó miṭṭhe čͻl rĩ́nnegī.	She will cook sweet rice.
ਔਰਤਾਂ ਰੋਜ਼ ਦਾਲ ਰਿੰਨ੍ਹਦੀਆਂ ਨੇ।	ͻrtā̃ roz dāl rĩ́ndīā̃ ne.	The women cook dāl every day.
ਬਾਨੋ ਨੇ ਬਰੀਆਨੀ ਰਿੱਧੀ।	bāno ne barīānī ríddī.	Bano cooked /barīānī/.

15.18

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਰਾਮ ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਂਦਾ ਏ।	rām roṭī khā̃dā e.	Ram is eating dinner.
ਬੱਚੇ ਸ਼ਾਮ ਨੂੰ ਸੰਤਰੇ ਖਾਣਗੇ।	bačče šām nū̃ sãtre khāṇge.	The children will eat oranges in the evening.
ਬਸ਼ੀਰ ਸਕੂਲ ਤੋਂ ਆ ਕੇ ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਏਗਾ।	bašīr sakūl tõ ā ke roṭī khāegā.	When Bashir comes home from school he will eat dinner.
ਅਸੀਂ ਬੜੀਆਂ ਜਲੇਬੀਆਂ ਖਾਧੀਆਂ।	asī̃ baṛīā̃ jalebīā̃ khā́dīā̃.	We ate a lot of /jalebīā̃/.

15.19

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਬੱਚੇ ਦੁਧ ਪੀਂਦੇ ਨੇ।	bačče dúd pī̃de ne.	Children drink milk.
ਮੇਰੇ ਦੋਸਤ ਚਾਹ ਪੀਣਗੇ।	mere dost čā́ pīṇge.	My friends will drink tea.
ਮੁੰਡਿਆਂ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਨੇ ਸ਼ਰਬਤ ਪੀਤਾ।	mũḍiā̃ kuṛīā̃ ne šarbat pītā.	The boys and girls drank fruit syrup.
ਮੈਂ ਚਾਹ ਪੀ ਕੇ ਘਰ ਆਇਆਂ।	mɛ̃ čā́ pī ke kàr āiā̃.	After I had tea I came home.

15.20

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਮੁੰਡੇ ਘਰੋ ਘਰੀ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਨੇ।	mũḍe kàro kàrī jā̃de ne.	The boys go from house to house.
ਫਕੀਰ ਪਿੰਡੋ ਪਿੰਡੀ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਨੇ।	fakīr pĩḍo pĩḍī jā̃de ne.	Fakirs go from village to village.
ਓਹ ਸ਼ਹਿਰੋ ਸ਼ਹਿਰੀ ਚਲੇ ਗਏ।	ó šέro šέrī čale gae.	They went from one city to another.

Lesson Topics

lesson 1

lesson 2

lesson 3

lesson 4

lesson 5

lesson 6

lesson 7

lesson 8

lesson 9

lesson 10

lesson 11

lesson 12

lesson 13

lesson 14

lesson 15

lesson 16

lesson 17

lesson 18

lesson 19

lesson 20

Lesson 15