|
§ NOTES |
14.3 |
Ramadan (in Punjabi /ramzān/) is a month in the Muslim calendar in which fasting is enjoined. Because the calendar is lunar, it comes at a different time in our solar calendar every year. īd comes at the end of Ramadan when fasting can be discontinued. In the description Ramadan is not mentioned directly, but /roze khatam hoṇ/ ‘when the days have ended’ is a reference to it.
ਸੇਵੀਆਂ /sewīā̃/ is a sweet dish made of a kind of noodles. It is made at other times also, but it is especially associated with Id.
ਈਦੀ /īdī/ is some small gift given at Id.
ਟਰੂ /ṭárū/ is the name of the fair held on the second day of Id.
|
| 14.4 |
Punjabi often forms compounds consisting of a common word and a similar but slightly different word. The latter may be a word used elsewhere, or just something suggested by the first. /nͻkar-čākar/ is an example. It can perhaps be translated as ‘servants and people like that’. /pāṇī-tā̀ṇī/ means something like ‘water and things’. Such forms are more common in less formal Punjabi, and sometimes serve to signal that informality.
|
| 14.5 |
/mubārkā̃/ is the plural of /mubārak/, a common word of greeting among Muslims. The formation is comparable to /ͻrtā̃/ ‘women’, plural of /ͻrat/ ‘woman’.
|
|
§ GRAMMAR |
14.6 |
In Lesson thirteen, there was a description of a familiar festival, Diwali. This used verb phrases in the present tense. Written in this way, it describes the customary activities at Diwali. In 14.1, another Punjabi festival is described. This starts out in much the same way. Sentences 1 to 4 give some general information about /īd/. All this applies equally well to /īd/ in any year. Sentence 5, however, singles out a specific celebration of the festival, that in the preceding year, and let us know that the speaker is an eye-witness of the event. The rest of what he says tells about the specific things that happened that year in Lahore. From sentence 6 onward, the narration makes use of the past tense, the usual type of verb phrase for relating a story of a past occurrence.
If sentence 5 is omitted, the general description might be continued in the present tense. In this case the remainder would take the form shown in 14.2. If told in this way, it is a description of /īd/ in general without any specific reference to any, single celebration. Present tense is the most usual form for description as opposed to narration.
The two forms have been given so that the differences between the two tenses, both in form and in use, can be seen. The two should be carefully compared, sentence by sentence.
|
| 14.7 |
The marker of the past tense is a suffix which in the masculine singular takes the form /-ā/. This shows agreement in much the same way as do adjectives. Thus, the verb phrase in sentence 17 is /laggā/, masculine singular to agree with /melā/. In 16 it is /lagge/, masculine plural to agree with /mele/. In some other context, the same verb might appear as /laggī/ or /laggīā̃/.
That part of the sentence with which the present tense verb form agrees we have called the subject. If you compare the sentences of 14.2 with those of 14.1, you will see that the past tense verbs sometimes also agree with the subject (as in 6, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17). But sometimes they agree with the object (as in 7, 8, 11). The pattern is, thus, different from that with the present tense. It is convenient to take the patterns of the present as standard and contrast those of the past with them.
|
| 14.8 |
In some cases, when a sentence is changed to the past tense /ne/ is inserted after the subject. In other cases the subject is unchanged.
If /ne/ is not used, the past tense verb agrees with the subject: (Examples are taken from 12.1).
|
|
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
|
ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਤੇ ਮਰਦਾਨਾ ਕਿਸੇ ਪਿੰਡ ਗਏ।
| gurū nānak te mardānā kise pĩḍ gae.
|
| Compare |
|
|
ਗੁਰੂ ਨਾਨਕ ਤੇ ਮਰਦਾਨਾ ਕਿਸੇ ਪਿੰਡ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਨੇ।
| gurū nānak te mardānā kise pĩḍ jā̃de ne.
|
|
|
If /ne/ is used, the past tense verb agrees with the object, if there is one.
|
|
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
|
|
ਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਨੇ ਉੱਤਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ।
| gurū jī ne uttar dittā.
|
| Compare |
|
|
ਗੁਰੂ ਜੀ ਉੱਤਰ ਦੇਂਦੇ ਨੇ।
| gurū jī uttar dẽde ne.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
|
|
ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੇ ਆਦਰ ਕੀਤਾ।
| lokā̃ ne ādar kītā.
|
| Compare |
|
|
ਲੋਕ ਆਦਰ ਕਰਦੇ ਨੇ।
| lok ādar karde ne.
|
|
|
In 12 /dittā/ is masculine singular, agreeing with /uttar/. /dẽde ne/ agrees with /gurū jī/, being masculine plural for respect. In 3 /kītā/ is masculine singular, agreeing with /ādar/. /karde ne/ is masculine plural, agreeing with /lok/.
|
|
(/ne/ in /karde ne/ is the auxiliary, quite different from /ne/ in /lokā̃ ne/. The two should not be confused, since they are used in very different places in sentences).
|
|
If /ne/ is used the verb cannot agree with the subject. If there is no object with which it would agree, the verb is always masculine singular.
|
|
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
|
|
ਮਰਦਾਨੇ ਨੇ ਪੁਛਿਆ।
| mardāne ne puččhiā.
|
| Compare |
|
|
ਮਰਦਾਨਾ ਪੁਛਦਾ ਏ।
| mardānā pučhdā e.
|
|
|
/puččhiā/ is masculine singular because there is no object /pučhdā e/ agrees with /mardānā/.
|
|
Before /ne/ (a postposition) a noun must be in the oblique case. Compare /mardānā/ and /lokā̃/ with /lok/ in the examples just given. /gurū jī/ in sentence 12 is also oblique, but /gurū/ is one of the many nouns in which there is no visible difference between the two cases in the singular.
|
14.9 |
No hard and fast rules can be given as to when /ne/ is used and when not, except that it is only used with past tense verbs, and only when the verb is third person. In some sentences /ne/ is never used. In some there is some variation. In others it is always used. It is a fairly safe rule to use /ne/ in all sentences that contain an object. But better than any rule is observation and practice. You have already learned many sentences with past tense verbs. They can provide a useful model. As you learn more, the usage will gradually become familiar.
|
| 14.10 |
Past tense verbs may sometimes be followed by an auxiliary. The difference in meaning is subtle. Sometimes the auxiliary makes the time a little more definite. When the auxiliary is /ā̃/ it sometimes fuses with the verb. A few sentences that have appeared in dialogues have contained this construction.
For example /khā ke āiā̃/. ‘I have just eaten’ in 4.2. This is shortened from /khā ke āiā ā̃/. Do not use this construction except where you hear it. This note is given only to explain certain sentences which you learned earlier.
|
| 14.11 |
There are two sets of third person pronouns, both of which have occurred repeatedly in the lessons. /é/ refers to the nearer and /ó/ to the more remote. They are, therefore, sometimes equivalent to ‘this’ and ‘that’ respectively. However, in most instances they are best translated by ‘he’, ’she’, or ’it’. There is no visible difference in gender. Verbs used with these pronouns may show either masculine or feminine forms:
|
|
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
|
|
ਓਹ ਗਿਆ |
ó giā. |
|
ਇਹ ਗਿਆ |
é giā. |
‘He went’. |
|
|
ਓਹ ਗਈ |
ó gaī. |
|
ਇਹ ਗਈ |
é gaī. |
‘She went’. |
|
|
/ó/ is the commoner of the two, and is used when no point is to be made of the difference between nearer and more remote.
|
|
When /ó/ or /é/ precede /ne/ they are combined into one word:
|
|
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
|
|
ਓਹਨੇ ਦਿੱਤਾ |
óne dittā. |
|
ਇਹਨੇ ਦਿੱਤਾ |
éne dittā. |
‘He gave’. or
‘She gave’. |
|
14.12 |
/ó/ and /é/ are always used for plurals. In this case they must be translated ‘those’, ‘these’, or ‘they’.
|
|
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
|
|
ਓਹ ਗਏ |
ó gae. |
|
ਇਹ ਗਏ |
é gae. |
‘They went’. |
|
|
ਓਹ ਗਈਆਂ |
ó gaīā̃. |
|
ਇਹ ਗਈਆਂ |
é gaīā̃. |
‘They went’. |
|
|
When plural, /ó/ and /é/ take different forms before /ne/ :
|
|
/ó/ is the commoner of the two, and is used when no point is to be made of the difference between nearer and more remote.
|
|
When /ó/ or /é/ precede /ne/ they are combined into one word:
|
|
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
|
|
ਉਹਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਦਿੱਤਾ |
ónā̃ ne dittā. |
|
ਇਹਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਦਿੱਤਾ |
énā̃ ne dittā. |
‘They gave’. |
|
|
/ónā̃/ and /énā̃/ are normal plural oblique forms, and are used with other postpositions as well.
|
14.13 |
In the singular, /ó/ and /é/ combine with two other postpositions to form single words. That is, the pronoun and the postposition have only a single tone between them.
|
|
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
|
|
ਮੋਹਣ ਨੇ ਓਹਨੂੰ ਦਿੱਤਾ। |
móṇ ne ónū̃ dittā. |
‘Mohan gave it to him’. or
‘Mohan gave it to her’. |
|
|
ਸੋਹਣ ਨੇ ਇਹਨੂੰ ਦਿੱਤਾ। |
sóṇ ne énū̃ dittā. |
‘Sohan gave it to him’. or
‘Sohan gave it to her’. |
|
|
ਰਾਮ ਨੇ ਓਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਦਿੱਤਾ। |
rām ne ónā̃ nū̃ dittā. |
‘Ram gave it to them’. |
|
|
ਬੇਗ ਨੇ ਇਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਦਿੱਤਾ। |
beg ne énā̃ nū̃ dittā. |
‘Beg gave it to them’. |
|
|
ਓਹਦਾ ਘਰ। |
ódā kàr. |
‘His house’. or
‘Her house’. |
|
|
ਓਹਦੇ ਘਰ ਵਿਚ। |
óde kàr wič. |
‘In his house’. or
‘In her house’. |
|
|
ਓਹਦੀ ਚਾਹ। |
ódī čā́. |
‘His tea’. or
‘Her tea’. |
|
|
ਓਹਨਾਂ ਦਾ ਘਰ। |
ónā̃ dā kàr. |
‘Their house’. |
|
|
ਇਹਦਾ ਪਿੰਡ। |
édā pĩḍ. |
‘His village’. |
|
|
ਇਹਨਾਂ ਦਾ ਪਿੰਡ। |
énā̃ dā pĩḍ. |
‘Their village’. |
|
|
§ PATTERN PRACTICE |
| 14.14
|
|
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
|
|
ਮੈਂ ਓਦੋਂ ਲਾਹੌਰ ਵਿਚ ਸਾਂ। |
mɛ̃ odõ lāhͻr wič sā̃. |
At that time I was in Lahore. |
|
|
ਅਸੀਂ ਓਦੋਂ ਘਰ ਵਿਚ ਸਾਂ। |
asī̃ odõ kàr wič sā̃. |
At that time we were in the house. |
|
|
ਪਿਛਲੇ ਸਾਲ਼ ਓਹ ਦਿੱਲੀ ਵਿਚ ਸੀ। |
pičhle sāḷ ó dillī wič sī. |
Last year he was in Delhi. |
|
|
ਈਦ ਵਾਲ਼ੇ ਦਿਨ ਓਹ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਵਿਚ ਸਨ। |
īd wāḷe din ó pākistān wič san. |
On the day of īd they were in Pakistan. |
|
14.15
|
|
|
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
|
|
ਪਿਛਲੇ ਸਾਲ਼ ਨਵੇਂ ਕਪੜੇ ਬਣੇ। |
pičhle sāḷ nawẽ kapṛe baṇe. |
Last year new clothes were made. |
|
|
ਓਦੋਂ ਓਹ ਘੋੜੇ ਤੇ ਚੜ੍ਹਿਆ। |
odõ ó kòṛe te čáṛiā. |
At that time he was going on the horse. |
|
|
ਓਦੋਂ ਓਹ ਘੋੜੇ ਤੇ ਸੀ। |
odõ ó kòṛe te sī. |
At that time he was on the horse. |
|
|
ਜਦੋਂ ਨਵਾਂ ਘਰ ਬਣਿਆ, ਮੈਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ ਵਿਚ ਸਾਂ। |
jadõ nawā̃ kàr baṇiā, mɛ̃ dillī wič sā̃. |
When the new house was built, I was in Delhi. |
|
14.16
|
|
|
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
|
|
ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੇ ਮੁਬਾਰਕਾਂ ਦਿੱਤੀਆਂ। |
lokā̃ ne mubārkā̃ dittīā̃. |
The people gave greetings. |
|
|
ਮੇਰੇ ਗੁਆਂਢੀਆਂ ਨੇ ਸੇਵੀਆਂ ਦਿੱਤੀਆਂ। |
mere guā̃́ḍīā̃ ne sewīā̃ dittīā̃. |
My neighbours gave /sewīā̃/. |
|
|
ਗੁਆਂਢੀਆਂ ਨੇ ਬਰਫੀ ਦਿੱਤੀ। |
guā̃́ḍīā̃ ne barfī dittī. |
The neighbours gave /barfī/. |
|
|
ਓਹਨਾਂ ਨੇ ਸੇਵੀਆਂ ਪਕਾਈਆਂ। |
ónā ne sewīā̃ pakāīā̃. |
They cooked /sewīā̃/. |
|
14.17
|
|
|
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
|
|
ਲੋਕ ਨਮਾਜ਼ ਪੜ੍ਹਨ ਚਲੇ ਗਏ। |
lok namāz páṛn čale gae. |
The people went to say prayers. |
|
|
ਆਦਮੀ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਨ ਚਲੇ ਗਏ। |
ādmī kãm karn čale gae. |
The men went to work. |
|
|
ਔਰਤਾਂ ਸੈਰ ਕਰਨ ਚਲੀਆਂ ਗਈਆਂ। |
ͻrtā̃ sɛr karn čalīā̃ gaīā̃. |
The women went for a stroll. |
|
|
ਮੁੰਡੇ ਫੁਟਬਾਲ ਖੇਢਣ ਚਲੇ ਗਏ। |
mũḍe fuṭbāl khéḍaṇ čale gae. |
The boys went to play football. |
|
14.18
|
|
|
|
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
|
|
ਮੈਂ ਉਹਦੇ ਦੋਸਤ ਨੂੰ ਮਿਲਿਆ। |
mɛ̃ óde dost nū̃ miliā. |
I met his friend. |
|
|
ਓਹ ਮੋਹਣ ਨੂੰ ਮਿਲੀ। |
ó móṇ nū̃ milī. |
She met Mohan. |
|
|
ਓਹਦੀਆਂ ਬੱਚੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਈਦੀ ਮਿਲੀ। |
ódīā̃ baččīā̃ nū̃ īdī milī. |
His children were given /īdī/. |
|
|
ਓਹਨਾਂ ਦੀਆਂ ਬੱਚੀਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਲੱਡੂ ਮਿਲੇ। |
ónā dīā̃ baččīā̃ nū̃ laḍḍū mile. |
/laḍḍū/ were given to their children. |
|