| 19.1 |
Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation
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19.2 |
Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation
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§ NOTES |
19.3 |
This dialogue contains much sharper bargaining than the earlier ones.
/torī/ is a general term for several kinds of vegetables, all long and slender. /pĩ̀ḍī torī/ is a just one kind. For lack of a better term we have translated /torī/ as 'okrā', but the meaning is, of course, wider than this.
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§ GRAMMAR |
19.4 |
Punjabi has a couple of dozen small words which can be called emphatics. They are very easily overlooked, because it is possible to say almost anything without them. However, they contribute greatly to the expression of the finer nuances and to making speech really idiomatic.
It is not worthwhile to try and define translation ‘meanings’ for most of these words. Sentences containing them are translated in various ways depending on context. But it is possible to describe how they are used and how they function in a sentence and in a longer discourse. Below we give brief partial descriptions for some of the common ones. For example, look in the dialogues. This lesson has considerable number of them, but most of the earlier dialogues have them too. The dialogues will show them in contexts longer than single sentences. Short contexts seldom reveal the full significance of an emphatic.
Emphatic words do not operate by themselves. They are part of a system that includes certain other elements.
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| 19.5 |
Emphasis can be shown by intonation. The following simple sentences can be said at least four ways. The first is matter-of-fact. The other three have additional prominence on one of the words. This is indicated by italics. It consists of higher pitch and slight increase of stress.
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਮੋਹਣ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। |
móṇ šέr giā sī. |
Mohan went to the city . |
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ਮੋਹਣ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ? |
móṇ šέr giā sī? |
Mohan went to the city? |
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ਮੋਹਣ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ? |
móṇ šέr giā sī? |
Mohan went to the city? |
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ਮੋਹਣ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ ? |
móṇ šέr giā sī? |
Mohan went to the city? |
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This intonational emphasis is comparable in general to the intonational emphasis we use in English and which is indicated in the translation by underlining. It is, of course, different in many details. For one thing, Punjabi has not only intonation but aslo tone. What we have indicated by italics is perhaps to be thought of as a higher base-line from which tone is to be computed. There will be a difference in pitch on the first syllable of the following two sentences.
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਮੋਹਣ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। |
móṇ šέr giā sī. |
Mohan went to the city. |
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ਰਾਮ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। |
rām šέr giā sī. |
Ram went to the city. |
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This difference is due to tone. There is also a difference in the pitch on the first syllable between the following :
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਰਾਮ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। |
rām šέr giā sī. |
Ram went to the city. |
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ਰਾਮ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। |
rām šέr giā sī. |
Ram went to the city. |
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This difference is due to intonation. What you actually hear is always the result of combination of tone differences and intonation differences.
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| 19.6 |
Emphasis can also be shown by changes in word order, especially of word order combined with intonation. An even stronger emphasis on /šέr/ can be had by the following arrangement :
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ ਮੋਹਣ। |
šέr giā sī móṇ. |
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In general, the place of emphasis is first in the sentence, but only when supported by intonation or some other device.
Note Nasim's first reply to the shopkeeper. The very unusual word order, combined with intonation (the most natural way to say this would put intonational emphasis on /čā́īdā/) and /te/, makes this sentence carry strong overtones, in this case a little bit of despair and sarcasm : ‘I really want a lot of things, but I don't expect to get anything here’.
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| 19.7 |
The most frequent of the emphatic words is /ī/. It is used to further reinforce the emphasis of intonation. For example,
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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ਮੋਹਣ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ। |
móṇ šέr giā sī. |
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can be given further emphasis by inserting /ī/ : /móṇ ī šέr giā sī./ It is not easy to show the difference by English equivalents, so there in no use translating.
/ī/ usually follows the word with intonational emphasis immediately. Once in a while when a word is followed by a postposition or some similar small element, this can come between the emphasis and /ī/. Nothing else ever can. This tells us that such a sentence as /phir ó ī gal/ can only be read as /phir ó ī gal/.
/ī/ never occurs more than once in any sentence. It usually comes fairly early in the sentence, though it cannot come first. It never is last.
It is hard to describe just what /ī/ does, since it varies with context. Nasim opens her bargaining by talking rather disparagingly. She asks for fresh squash in a way (/hɛ/) that suggests that she doesn't expect that he will have them. The shopkeeper answers /aj ī āe ne./ Emphasizing, in opposition to Nasim's remark that they are just as fresh as they could be.
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| 19.8 |
/wī/ is used in very much the same way as /ī/. It follows an intonationally emphasized word or phrase. It occurs only once in a sentence.
In reply to Nasim's invitation to go to the market, Ruth says /mɛ̃ wī kúj čīzā̃ lɛṇīā̃ ne/. ‘I want a few things too’. The /wī/ associates this sentence closely with what Nasim has said.
/wī/ is the easiest of all the emphasis to translate. It comes very close in meaning to English ‘also’ or ‘too’. Occasionally ‘even’ is better. In one place in the dialogue ‘anyway’ seemed best.
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| 19.9 |
/te/ is also used to reinforce intonational emphasis. But /te/ can either immediately follow or immediately precede the emphasized word or phrase.
Nasim's opening remark to the shopkeeper relies for its effect largely on word order and intonation, but /te/ is used to point this up just a little more.
/te/ is not quite as strong as /ī/ and can be used to give a second weaker emphasis in the same sentence. There is no good example in the dialogues, but consider the following :
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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ਇਸਤੋਂ ਅੱਗੇ ਤੇ ਗੱਡੀ ਨੇ ਜਾਣਾ ਈ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੀ। |
istõ agge te gaḍḍī ne jāṇā ī naī̃́ sī. |
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‘The train was not supposed to go any farther.’ The chief emphasis is on /naī̃́ sī jāṇā/ ‘was not to go’. Note that /ī/ causes the order to be shifted drastically; /ī/ cannot stand at the end of the sentence. There is lesser emphasis on /istõ agge/ ‘forward from here’.
/te/ can combine with /ī/ or /wī/ to give a little further emphasis. Nasim in her last remark to Ruth says /te nāḷe šέr wič tāzī sabzī wī te naī̃́ mil sakdī/. The strong emphasis indicates something of her state of mind about vegetables as she approaches the market, and explains something of her manner of bargaining.
The emphatic word /te/ must be distinguished from the postposition /te/ ‘on’ and from the connector /te/ ‘and’. /te/ ‘and’ can stand at the beginning of sentences, a place where the emphatic is impossible, and normally stands between two similar elements. /te/ ‘on’ normally follows a noun in the oblique case. The emphatic word can also, but is more likely after other kinds of words.
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| 19.10 |
In Nasim's opening remark in the market she says /tāze kaddū hɛ ne?/. /hɛ/ is a rather infrequent emphatic, but exactly right for this place. It gives just a touch of doubt, enough in view of the preceding sentence to make her implication quite clear : she neither likes nor trusts vegetable dealers, but she has to make the best of it, so here she is.
There are a number of others that you will run into from time to time. Most of them are very difficult to describe, but only a few experiences with any one in good connected discourse will give you some feel for their function.
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§ PATTERN PRACTICE
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| 19.11 |
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਵਿਚ ਹਰ ਰੋਜ਼ ਸਬਜ਼ੀ ਲੈਣ ਲਈ ਦੁਕਾਨ ਤੇ ਜਾਣਾ ਪੈਂਦਾ। |
šέr wič har roz sabzī lɛṇ laī dukān te jāṇā pɛ̃dā. |
In the city I have to go to store to get vegetables every day. |
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ਹਰ ਹਫਤੇ ਫ਼ਲ ਲੈਣੇ ਪੈਂਦੇ ਨੇ। |
har hafte phal lɛṇe pɛ̃de ne. |
Every week I have to buy fruit. |
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ਪਿੰਡ ਵਿਚ ਸਬਜ਼ੀ ਲੈਣ ਬਜ਼ਾਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਜਾਈਦਾ। |
pĩḍ wič sabzī lɛṇ bazār naī̃́ jāīdā. |
In the village it is not necessary to go to the market for vegetables. |
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ਹੁਣ ਰੋਜ਼ ਰੋਜ਼ ਬਜ਼ਾਰ ਜਾਣਾ ਪੈਂਦਾ। |
huṇ roz roz bazār jāṇā pɛ̃dā. |
Now I have to go to the market every day. |
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19.12
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਜਦੋਂ ਮੈਂ ਪਿੰਡ ਵਿਚ ਸਾਂ, ਬਹੁਤ ਸਬਜ਼ੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਸੀ। |
jadõ mɛ̃ pĩḍ wič sā̃, bͻ́t sabzī hũdī sī. |
When I was in the village, there was plenty of vegetables. |
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ਜਦੋਂ ਅਸੀਂ ਓਥੇ ਸਾਂ, ਬਹੁਤ ਮੀਂਹ ਪੈਂਦਾ ਸੀ। |
jadõ asī̃ othe sā̃, bͻ́t mī̃́ pɛ̃dā sī. |
When we were there, it rained a lot. |
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ਜਦੋਂ ਓਹ ਆਇਆ, ਏਥੇ ਕੋਈ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੀ। |
jadõ ó āiā, ethe koī naī̃́ sī. |
When he came, nobody was here. |
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ਜਦੋਂ ਓਹਨੇ ਕਿਹਾ, ਮੈਂ ਚਲਾ ਗਿਆ। |
jadõ óne kiā́, mɛ̃ čalā giā. |
When he told me, I left. |
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19.13
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਓਹ ਤੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਦੇ ਹੋਣਗੇ। |
ó te bͻ́t kãm karde hoṇge. |
He must be working a lot. |
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ਓਹ ਯਾਦ ਕਰਦੀ ਹੋਵੇਗੀ। |
ó yād kardī howegī. |
She must remember. |
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ਸਲੀਮ ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਂਦਾ ਹੋਵੇਗਾ। |
salīm roṭī khā̃dā howegā. |
Salim must be having dinner. |
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ਬੱਚੇ ਖੇਢਦੇ ਹੋਣਗੇ। |
bačče khéḍde hoṇge. |
The children must be playing. |
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19.14
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਓਹਦੇ ਵਰਗਾ ਕੋਈ ਆਦਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ। |
óde wargā koī ādmī naī̃́. |
There is no man like him. |
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ਲਾਹੌਰ ਵਰਗਾ ਕੋਈ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਨਹੀਂ। |
lāhͻr wargā koi šέr naī̃́. |
There is no city like Lahore. |
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ਝਨਾਂ ਵਰਗਾ ਕੋਈ ਦਰਿਆ ਨਹੀਂ। |
čanā̃̀ wargā koī dariā naī̃́. |
There is no river like the Chanāb. |
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ਸਚ ਬੋਲਣ ਵਰਗੀ ਕੋਈ ਗਲ ਨਹੀਂ। |
šač bolaṇ wargī koī gal naī̃́. |
There is nothing like speaking the truth. |
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19.15
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਵਿਚ ਚੰਗੇ ਫਲ ਨਹੀਂ ਮਿਲ ਸਕਦੇ। |
šέr wič čãge phal naī̃́ mil sakde. |
In the city you can't get good fruit. |
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ਏਥੋਂ ਬਹੁਤ ਕੇਲੇ ਮਿਲ ਸਕਦੇ ਨੇ। |
ethõ bͻ́t aččhe kele mil sakde ne. |
Here you can get very good bananas. |
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ਏਸ ਦੁਕਾਨ ਵਿਚ ਬਹੁਤ ਤੋਰੀਆਂ ਮਿਲ ਸਕਦੀਆਂ ਨੇ। |
es dukān wič bͻ́t torīā̃ mil sakdīā̃ ne. |
In this shop there is a lot of /torī/. |
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ਪੰਜਾਬ ਵਿਚ ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਅੱਛੇ ਫਲ ਮਿਲ ਸਕਣਗੇ। |
pãjāb wič tuā̀nū aččhe phal mil sakaṇge. |
In Punjab you will be able to get good fruit. |
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