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Home FIRST PAGE Punjabi Lessons based on book: A START IN PUNJABI Video Lectures Dr. HARJIT SINGH GILL

Lesson 16

Agriculture – use of what, where, who, why, emphatic, negative, other forms of questions

16.1	Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਦਲੀਪ ਸਿੰਘ : ਸਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਅਕਾਲ।	dalīp sĩ́g :sat sirī akāl.	Dalip Singh :/sat sirī akāl/.
ਜਾਨ : ਸਤਿ ਸ੍ਰੀ ਅਕਾਲ।	jā́n :sat sirī akāl.	John :/sat sirī akāl/.
ਦਲੀਪ ਸਿੰਘ :ਸੁਣਾਓ ਜੀ, ਕੀ ਹਾਲ ਚਾਲ ਏ?	dalīp sĩ́g : hāl bazār jāṇā e.	Dalip Singh : I want to go to Hall Bazar.
ਜਾਨ :ਸਭ ਠੀਕ ਏ। ਤੁਸੀਂ ਸੁਣਾਓ?	jā́n : sáb ṭhīk e. tusī̃ āpṇā suṇāo?	John :Everything is fine. And you?
ਦਲੀਪ ਸਿੰਘ : ਕਈ ਦਿਨ ਹੋਏ,ਮੀਂਹ ਨਹੀਂ ਪਿਆ। ਫਸਲਾਂ ਸੁੱਕੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਨੇ।	dalīp sĩ́g :kaī din ho gae ne, mī̃́ naī̃́ piā. faslā̃ sukkīā̃ paīā̃ ne.	Dalip Singh :It is several days since it has rained. The crops are dry.
ਜਾਨ :ਨਹਿਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਾਣੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਇਆ?	jā́n :nέr wič pāṇī naī̃́ āiā?	John : Isn't there any water in the canal?
ਦਲੀਪ ਸਿੰਘ : ਅਗਲੇ ਹਫ਼ਤੇ ਆਏਗਾ। ਮੈਂ ਖੇਤਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਚੱਲਿਆ ਆਂ। ਮੇਰਾ ਖੂਹ ਵਗਦਾ ਏ।	dalīp sĩ́g :agle hafte āegā. mɛ̃ khetā̃ nū̃ čalliā ā̃. merā khū́ wagdā e.	Dalip Singh :It will come next week. I am going to my fields. My /khū́/ is running.
ਜਾਨ :ਚਲੋ ਮੈਂ ਵੀ ਨਾਲ ਚਲਦਾ ਆਂ। ਐਤਕੀਂ ਮਕਈ ਬੀਜੀ ਏ ਕਿ ਨਹੀਂ?	jā́n :čalo, mɛ̃ wī nāḷ čaldā ā̃. ɛtkī̃ makaī bījī e ke naī̃́ ?	John : Let's go. I'll go with you. Have you planted corn this year?
ਦਲੀਪ ਸਿੰਘ :ਹਾਂ, ਥੋਹੜੀ ਜਿਹੀ, ਦੋ ਏਕੜ। ਬਾਕੀ ਜ਼ਮੀਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਣਕ ਬੀਜੀ ਏ। ਖੂਹ ਤੇ ਥੋਹੜੀ ਜਿਹੀ ਸਬਜ਼ੀ ਵੀ ਲਾਈ ਏ।	dalīp sĩ́g :hā̃, thóṛī jaī́, do ekaṛ. bākī zamīn wič kaṇk bījī e. khū́ te thóṛī jaī́ sabzī wī lāī e.	Dalip Singh :Yes, a little, two acres. Wheat is sown in the rest of the land also. I have planted vegetables near the /khū́/.
ਜਾਨ :ਕੀ ਕੀ ਲਾਇਆ ਏ?	jā́n :kī kī lāiā e?	John :What did you plant?
ਦਲੀਪ ਸਿੰਘ :ਮਟਰ, ਆਲੂ, ਟਮਾਟਰ, ਕੱਦੂ ਤੇ ਕੁਝ ਬਤਾਊਂ।	dalīp sĩ́g : maṭar, ālū, ṭamāṭar, kaddū te kúj batāū̃.	Dalip Singh :Peas, potatoes, tomatoes, pumpkin, and some eggplant.
ਜਾਨ :ਐਤਕੀਂ ਖ਼ਰਬੂਜ਼ੇ ਨਹੀਂ ਬੀਜਣੇ?	jā́n :ɛtkī̃ kharbuze naī̃́ bījṇe?	John :Won't you plant melons this year?
ਦਲੀਪ ਸਿੰਘ :ਹਾਂ, ਇੱਕ ਵਿਘਾ ਖ਼ਰਬੂਜ਼ਿਆਂ ਤੇ ਤਰਬੂਜ਼ਾਂ ਲਈ ਰੱਖਿਆ ਏ।	dalīp sĩ́g :hā̃, ik wígā kharbuziā̃ te tarbūzā̃ laī rakkhiā e.	Dalip Singh :Yes, I have saved one /wígā/ for melons and watermelons.

§ NOTES

16.2

/hāl-čāl/ is another compound like /nͻkar-čākar/. It means very nearly the same as /hāl/, but carries a connotation of less formality.

16.3

The best one-word equivalent for /khū́/ would be ‘well’, but its meaning is a good deal broader. At one place in the dialogue it obviously means the equipment used to draw water up out of the well. This is most likely a Persian wheel, a device consisting of buckets on an endless chain. The machine is operated by animal power. In another place /khū́/ obviously means the land right around the well. Dalip Singh says that he has planted vegetables, literally, ‘on the well’.

16.4

A /wígā/ is a measure of land, about half an acre.

§ GRAMMAR

16.5

Questions that expect a yes-or-no answer are most commonly formed in exactly the same way as statements, but with a different intonation pattern. Questions of this kind have appeared in the lessons since the beginning and are certainly familiar by this time.

They may be given a little emphasis. or just varied to avoid monotony, by several devices One is to add /nā̃/. Another is to add /ke naī̃́/. Both of these are similar in general effect to a number of devices in English, ‘isn't it’, ‘aren't they’, etc. added at the end of sentences.

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਚੱਲੋਗੇ ਨਾਂ?	tusī̃ čalloge nā̃?	‘You will go, won't you?’
ਓਹ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ ਨਾਂ?	ó giā sī nā̃?	‘He went, didn't he?’
ਚਾਹ ਪੀਓਗੇ ਨਾਂ?	čā́ pīoge nā̃?	‘You will drink some tea, won't You?’
ਓਹ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ ਕਿ ਨਹੀਂ?	ó giā sī ke naī̃́?	‘Did he go or didn't he?’
ਤੁਸੀਂ ਆਓਗੇ ਕਿ ਨਹੀਂ?	tusī̃ āoge ke naī̃́?	‘Will you come or won't you?’
ਓਹਨੇ ਕੰਮ ਕੀਤਾ ਸੀ ਕਿ ਨਹੀਂ?	óne kãm kītā sī ke naī̃́?	‘Did he work or didn't he?’

16.6

Other types of questions are usually made by means of a number of question words. These are inserted in the sentence in place of some sentence element. Most of them begin with /k/. Among them are the following:

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation	Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਕੀ?	kī?	‘what?’	ਇਹ ਕੀ ਏ?	é kī e?	‘what is this?’
ਕੌਣ?	kͻṇ?	‘who?’	ਕੌਣ ਆਇਆ?	kͻṇ āiā?	‘Who came?’
ਕੀਹਦਾ?	kī́dā?	‘whose?’	ਇਹ ਕੀਹਦਾ ਏ?	é kī́dā e?	‘Whose is this?’

As a subject in a sentence requiring /ne/:

	Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation		Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
	ਕੀਹਨੇ?	kī́ne?	‘who?’		ਕੀਹਨੇ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਏ?	kī́ne dittā e?	‘Who gave it?’

As a subject in a sentence requiring /ne/:

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation	Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਕਿਸ?	kis?	‘who? What?’	ਕਿਸ ਮੁੰਡੇ ਕੋਲ਼ ਗੇਂਦ ਸੀ?	kis mũḍe koḷ gẽd sī?	‘Which boy had the ball?’
ਕਿੱਥੇ?	kitthe?	‘where?’	ਮੋਹਣ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਏ?	móṇ kitthe e?	‘Where is Mohan?’
ਕਿੱਧਰ?	kíddar?	‘whither?’	ਕਿੱਧਰ ਗਿਆ?	kíddar giā?	‘Where did he go?’
ਕਿੱਥੋਂ?	kitthõ?	‘whence?’	ਕਿੱਥੋਂ ਆਇਆ?	kitthõ āiā?	‘Where did he come from?’
ਕਿਵੇਂ ?	kiwẽ?	‘how?’	ਬਰਫੀ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਏ?	barfī kiwẽ e?	‘How is the /barfī/?’
ਕਿੰਨਾ?	kinnā?	‘how much?’	ਕਿੰਨੇ ਨੇ?	kinne ne?	‘How many are there?’
ਕਿਓਂ?	kiõ?	‘why?’	ਕਿਓਂ ਕੀਤਾ?	kiõ kītā?	‘Why did he do it?’
ਕਦੋਂ?	kadõ?	‘when?’	ਓਹ ਕਦੋਂ ਆਇਆ?	ó kadõ āiā?	‘When did he come?’

/kī́dā/ and /kinnā/ agree with nouns in the same way as do adjectives.

16.7

Most adjectives agree with the noun in number, gender and case:

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਅੱਛਾ ਸੰਤਰਾ	aččhā sãtrā	‘a good orange’
ਅੱਛੇ ਸੰਤਰੇ	aččhe sãtre	‘good oranges’
ਅੱਛੀ ਨਾਰੰਗੀ	aččhī nārãgī	‘a good orange’
ਅੱਛੀਆਂ ਨਾਰੰਗੀਆਂ	aččhīā̃ nārãgīā̃	‘good oranges’
ਅੱਛੇ ਘਰ ਵਿਚ	aččhe kàr wič	‘in a good house’
ਅੱਛਿਆਂ ਘਰਾਂ ਵਿਚ	aččhiā̃ kàrā̃ wič	‘in good houses’
ਅੱਛੀ ਗਲੀ ਵਿਚ	aččhī galī wič	‘in a good street’
ਅੱਛੀਆਂ ਗਲੀਆਂ ਵਿਚ	aččhīā̃ galīā̃ wič	‘in good streets’

Sometimes when a noun does not clearly indicate the number or case, the adjective will:

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਅੱਛਾ ਅੰਬ	aččhā ãb	‘good mango’
ਅੱਛੇ ਅੰਬ	aččhe ãb	‘good mangoes’

Very frequently, especially in colloquial Punjabi, the masculine plural oblique is found with adjective ending in /-e/. This is a departure from strict agreement, and the form with /-iā̃/ is always possible, but often a bit stilted.

	Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
	ਅੱਛੇ ਘਰਾਂ ਵਿਚ	aččhe kàrā̃ wič	‘in good houses’

16.8

There are some adjectives which do not change. /bͻ́t/ and /kúj/ are common examples.

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਬਹੁਤ ਸੰਤਰੇ	bͻ́t sãtre	‘many oranges’
ਬਹੁਤ ਨਾਰੰਗੀਆਂ	bͻ́t nārãgīā̃	‘many oranges’
ਬਹੁਤ ਪਿੰਡਾਂ ਵਿਚ	bͻ́t pĩḍā̃ wič.	‘in many villages’
ਕੁਝ ਮੁੰਡੇ	kúj mũḍe	‘some boys’
ਕੁਝ ਕੁੜੀਆਂ	kúj kuṛīā̃	‘some girls’

16.9

/bͻ́t/ and /baṛā/ are used in ways that suggest translation by ‘very’. They are both adjectives, and /baṛā/ must agree with the noun.

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਬਹੁਤ ਅੱਛਾ ਸੰਤਰਾ ਜਾਂ ਬੜਾ ਅੱਛਾ ਸੰਤਰਾ	bͻ́t aččhā sãtrā or baṛā aččhā sãtrā	‘a very good orange’
ਬਹੁਤ ਅੱਛੀ ਨਾਰੰਗੀ ਜਾਂ ਬੜੀ ਅੱਛੀ ਨਾਰੰਗੀ	bͻ́t aččhī nārãgī or baṛī aččhī nārãgī	‘a very good orange’

16.10

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਕੌਣ ਆਇਆ ਸੀ ਖੂਹ ਤੇ?	kͻṇ āiā sī khū́ te?	Who were those people who came to the well?
ਖੂਹ ਤੇ ਕੌਣ ਆਇਆ ਸੀ?	khū́ te kͻṇ āiā sī?	Who came to the well?
ਕੌਣ ਸੀ ਤੁਹਾਡੇ ਨਾਲ਼?	kͻṇ sī tuā̀ḍe nāḷ?	Who was that you were with?
ਕੌਣ ਕੌਣ ਆਇਆ?	kͻṇ kͻṇ āiā?	Who were all those people that came?

16.11

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਇਹ ਕੀਹਦੀ ਮਕਈ ਏ?	é kī́dī makaī e?	Whose corn is this? (a field of corn)
ਓਹ ਕੀਹਦੀਆਂ ਛੱਲੀਆਂ ਨੇ?	ó kī́dīā̃ čhallīā̃ ne?	Whose corn-cobs are these? (picked field)
ਇਹ ਕੀਹਦੀ ਏ ਮਕਈ?	é kī́dī e makaī?	Whose corn is this?
ਓਹ ਕੀਹਦੇ ਘਰ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ?	ó kī́de kàr giā sī?	Whose house did he go to?

16.12

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਇਹ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਏ?	é kiwẽ ho sakdā e?	How can this be?
ਓਹਨੂੰ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਪਤਾ ਲੱਗਾ?	ónū̃ kiwẽ patā laggā?	How did he come to know?
ਓਹ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਆਇਆ?	ó kiwẽ āiā?	What did he come for?
ਕਿਵੇਂ ਹੋਵੇ, ਮੈਨੂੰ ਕੀ?	kiwẽ howe, mɛnū̃ kī?	However it is, what's that to me?

16.13

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਬਸ਼ੀਰ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਏ?	bašīr kitthe e?	Where is Bashir?
ਸੁੰਦਰ ਕਿੱਧਰੋਂ ਆਇਆ ਸੀ?	sũdar kíddarõ āiā sī?	Where did Sunder come from?
ਮੋਤੀ ਕਿੱਧਰ ਚਲਾ ਗਿਆ?	motī kíddar čalā giā?	Where has Moti gone?
ਕਿੱਧਰ ਵੇਖਿਆ ਸੀ?	kíddar wekhiā sī?	In what direction did you see him?

16.14

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਓਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਕੀਹਨੇ ਸੱਦਿਆ ਸੀ?	ónā̃ nū̃ kī́ne saddiā sī?	Who invited him?
ਕੀਹਨੇ ਕਿਹਾ ਸੀ ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ?	kī́ne kiā́ sī tuā̀nū?	Who told you?
ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਕਿਸ ਚੀਜ਼ ਦੀ ਲੋੜ ਏ?	tuā̀nū kis čīz dī loṛ e?	What thing do you need?
ਓਹ ਕਿਸ ਤਰ੍ਹਾਂ ਗਿਆ?	ó kis tarā̃ giā?	How did he go? (e.g. by cycle?)

16.15

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਦਿੱਲੀ ਹਾਲੀ ਕਿੰਨੀ ਦੂਰ ਏ?	dillī hālī kinnī dūr e?	How much further is it to Delhi?
ਕਿੰਨੇ ਵਜੇ ਨੇ?	kinne waje ne?	What time is it?
ਕਿੰਨਾ ਦੁੱਧ ਪਾਵਾਂ?	kinnā dúdd pāwā̃?	How much milk should I pour?
ਕਿੰਨੇ ਪੈਸੇ?	kinne pɛse?	How much?

16.16

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਕਿਓਂ, ਕੀ ਗਲ ਏ?	kiõ, kī gal e?	Why, what's the matter?
ਇਹ ਕਿਓਂ?	é kiõ?	Why this?
ਮੈਨੂੰ ਕੀ?	mɛnū̃ kī?	What's it to me? or So what?
ਓਹਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਕੀ ਹੋਇਆ?	ónā nū̃ kī hoiā?	What happened to him?

16.17

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਓਹ ਕਦੋਂ ਵਾਪਿਸ ਆਉਣਗੇ?	ó kadõ wāpas ͻṇge?	When will they return?
ਓਹ ਕਦੋਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਸੀ?	ó kadõ kardā sī?	When did he ever do it?
ਤੂੰ ਕਦੋਂ ਪੜ੍ਹੇਂਗਾ?	tū̃ kadõ páṛẽgā?	When are you going to study?
ਓਹ ਕਦੋਂ ਚਲਾ ਗਿਆ?	ó kadõ čalā giā?	It is a long time since he left.

16.18

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਕਈ ਸਾਲ ਹੋ ਗਏ ਨੇ,ਓਹ ਪਿੰਡ ਨਹੀਂ ਆਇਆ।	kaī sāl ho gae ne, ó pĩḍ naī̃́ āiā.	It has been several years since he has come to the village.
ਕਈ ਹਫਤੇ ਹੋ ਗਏ ਨੇ, ਮੈਂ ਬਜ਼ਾਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਗਿਆ।	kaī hafte ho gae ne, mɛ̃ bazār naī̃́ giā.	It has been several weeks since I have gone to the bazar.
ਕਈ ਕੰਮ ਹੋ ਗਏ ਨੇ।	kaī kãm ho gae ne.	Several things have been accomplished.
ਦਸ ਦਿਨ ਹੋ ਗਏ ਨੇ।	das din ho gae ne.	Ten days have gone by.

16.19

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਮਕਈ ਸੁੱਕੀ ਪਈ ਏ।	makaī sukkī paī e.	The corn is dried up.
ਮੱਝਾਂ ਰੱਜੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਨੇ।	májjā̃ rajjīā̃ paīā̃ ne.	The buffaloes are well fed.
ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਸੁੱਤੀਆਂ ਪਈਆਂ ਨੇ।	kuṛīā̃ suttīā̃ paīā̃ ne.	The girls are asleep.
ਓਹ ਆਉਂਦਾ ਪਿਆ ਏ।	ó ͻ̃dā piā e.	He is on his way.

16.20

Gurmukhi	Transcription	Translation
ਸਾਰੀ ਰਾਤ ਖੂਹ ਵਗਦਾ ਰਿਹਾ।	sārī rāt khū́ wagdā riā́.	The well ran all night.
ਪਾਣੀ ਕਿੱਥੇ ਵਗਦਾ ਏ?	pāṇī kitthe wagdā e?	Where is the water running to?
ਅੱਜ ਨਹਿਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਵਗਦੀ।	aj nέr naī̃́ wagdī.	Today the canal is not running.
ਖੂਹ ਅਗਲੇ ਹਫਤੇ ਵਗੇਗਾ।	khū́ agle hafte wagegā?	Next week the well will be working?

Lesson Topics

lesson 1

lesson 2

lesson 3

lesson 4

lesson 5

lesson 6

lesson 7

lesson 8

lesson 9

lesson 10

lesson 11

lesson 12

lesson 13

lesson 14

lesson 15

lesson 16

lesson 17

lesson 18

lesson 19

lesson 20

Lesson 16