| 18.1 |
Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation
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18.2 |
Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation
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§ NOTES |
18.3 |
During the busy season the men stay out in the fields which may be some distance from the village centre. The women generally stay at home, cooking and doing other housework. Meals are sent out to the men.
It is customary for farmers to help each other with the larger operations. In this instance, the Gill family has sent two ploughs with bullocks and the ploughmen to operate them. Pritam Kaur must feed the whole group. On such an occasion she would prepare a fairly elaborate meal.
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| 18.4 |
ਰੋਟੀ /roṭī/ is a special type of bread baked in small thin discs. Since it is the most usual food in rural Punjab, /roṭī/ is also used more generally to mean ‘meal, dinner’.
Village houses have two kinds of stoves. The /čúllā/ is a small mud stove with a sheet of metal on the top. /roṭī/ is cooked on the top of the /čúllā/. The /tãdūr/ is a much larger cylindrical structure, open at the top. It is heated and then /roṭī/ is baked on the inside. At thetimes when the men are busy in the field, the /tãdūr/ is preferred because it is quicker and easier to prepare a large quantity. Women from several households commonly meet together and bake in one /tãdūr/. This gives occasion for visiting. The /tãdūr/, therefore, has much the same place in the social life of the village women as the /khū́/ has for the men.
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| 18.5 |
Short names like /jīto/ are generally borne by unmarried girls still living at home. When jīto marries and leaves home, she will assume some longer name, perhaps /surjīt kͻr/. The women in the dialogues are Sikhs. /kͻr/ is characteristic much the same way as /sĩ́g/ is for the men. In other communities, however, the patterns are often similar. For example, a Muslim girl might be called /sībo/ at home, but becomes /nasīb begam/ when she is married.
Pritam Kaur is a married woman from another household, as is evident from her name. Jīto uses respect forms in speaking to Pritam Kaur, but not as consistently as she would if Pritam Kaur were a much older woman. Both use respect forms in speaking of the aunt. (Pritam Kaur says /čāčī jī/; /Jīto/, /ó čarkhā katde pae ne/). Compare the reference to Mejo, presumably another unmarried girl in Jīto's family : /ó nāḷā uṇdī e/.
When visitors come into the home it is either the older women or the young unmarried girls that speak to them. Particularly if the visitor is a man, the young married women avoid participating in the conversation. Jīto's mother, if present, would say very little. If her grandmother were present, she would probably have carried much of the conversation.
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§ GRAMMAR |
18.6 |
The end of a Punjabi verb phrase indicates the tense or various other categories which are in some ways similar, Most of these have occurred in the lessons. They can be summarized as follows.
Present :
/ó othe jā̃dā e/. ‘He is going there’. or ‘He goes there’. This is used both to express general description or habitual act (compare the description of /diwāḷī/ in lesson 13), or to state, often somewhat loosely, current fact (e.g. /ó nāḷā uṇdī e/ in this lesson).
/ó othe jā̃dā/. ‘He is going there’. or ‘He goes there’. Very much the same as the above. In some contexts a little less definite as to time.
/ó othe jā̃dā sī/. ‘He was going there’. or ‘He went there’. The same range of meanings as the first above, but around some past point of reference. In effect, /ó othe jā̃dā sī/. suggests that at some past time it would have been appropriate to have said /ó othe jā̃dā e/. A sort of ‘present in-the-past’.
Past :
/ó othe giā/. ‘He went there’. The usual form in narrating, past events (compare the description of a specific /īd/ in lesson 14). /ó othe giā/ does not imply either that he has since returned or that he is necessarily still there, simply that he went, nothing more.
/ó othe giā e/. ‘He has gone there’. Very much like the last but often with an implication that he is still there, i.e. that the effect of the past action continues. In some contexts merely more definite in time reference than the last.
/ó othe giā sī/. ‘He had gone there’ A ‘past-in-the-past’, indicating that at some past time he had earlier gone. It does not imply that the effect continues to the present. Indeed, in many contexts it suggests quite the opposite. At the past reference point the effect continued, but at present it does not.
Future :
/ó othe jāegā/. ‘He will go there’. The usual expression of all future actions.
/mɛ̃ othe jāṇā/. ‘I am just about to go there’. The emphasis is on immediacy and definiteness. This is the infinitive.
Commands, Requests, and Suggestions :
/othe jāo/. ‘Go there!’ The usual way of expressing simple commands.
/othe jāṇā/. ‘You must go there’. or ‘You are to go there’. An expression of necessity or obligation. Less directly a command, but often just as forcibly.
/othe čallīe/. ‘Let's go’. The usual way of making a suggestion that includes the speaker. /jāīe/ is possible, but /čallīe/ is much more frequent.
/ónū̃ čā́ čā́īdī/. ‘He wants tea’. or ‘He needs tea’. This is the one verb with which this form is really common. It is most often used in statements in first person, with /mɛnū̃/ omitted -/čā́ čā́īdī/. ‘I want tea’ and in questions in second person, with /tuā̀nū̃/ omitted -/čā́ čā́īdī?/ ‘Do you want tea?’
Subordinated :
/óne othe jā ke kãm kītā/. ‘Having gone there, he worked’. This is the commonest way of subordinating one verb phrase to another. It generally implies that the action expressed by the subordinated verb preceded and was prerequisite to the other. /ke/ is not an auxiliary but parallels auxiliaries in marking a kind of verb phrase.
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18.7 |
Many of the above verb phrases have negative counterparts. The word order, however, may be different, so they must be listed.
Present :
/ó othe naī̃́ jā̃dā/. ‘He isn't going there’. or ‘He doesn't go there’. This is the negative counterpart of both /ó othe jā̃dā e/. and /ó othe jā̃dā/. The distinction cannot be made in the negative.
/ó othe naī̃́ sī jā̃dā/. ‘He was not going there’. The counterpart of /ó othe jā̃dā sī/.
Past :
/ó othe naī̃́ giā/. ‘He didn't go there’. or ‘He hasn't gone there’. The counterpart of /ó othe giā e/.
/ó othe naī̃́ sī giā/. ‘He had not gone there’. The counterpart of /ó othe giā sī/.
Future :
/ó othe naī̃́ jāegā/. ‘He will not go there’. The counterpart of /ó othe jāegā/.
/mɛ̃ othe naī̃́ jāṇā/. ‘I am definitely not going there’. The counterpart of /mɛ̃ othe jāṇā/.
Commands, Requests and Suggestions :
/othe nā jāo/. ‘Don't go there!’ The counterpart of /othe jāo/. Note the use of /nā/ rather than /naī̃́ / with the imperative.
/othe naī̃́ jāṇā/. ‘You are not supposed to go there’. The counterpart of /othe jāṇā/.
/othe nā čallīe.../. is the counterpart of /othe čallīe/, but would not be used outside some longer context, e.g /othe nā ī čallīe tā̃ čãgā/. ‘It would be better if we didn't go there’.
/ónū̃ čā́ naī̃́ čā́īdī/. ‘He doesn't want tea’. The counterpart of /ónū̃ čā́ čā́īdī/.
Negative forms with /ke/ are very rare and occur only in very special contexts.
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18.8 |
Many verb phrases contain two verbs, that is two real verbs, not simply a verb and an auxiliary. In this case, the first can be almost any verb in the language, but the second must be one of a short list containing only a few dozen verbs. The special characteristics of such phrases depend on the second verb. Some of them have clear, easily defined meanings. At the other extreme, some hardly do more than slightly strengthen the meaning of the first verb. Often the effect is so subtle that it cannot be conveyed in translation.
Some of these second verbs occur with any first verb; others are restricted to a few combinations. Most can be found in any tense; a few have restrictions. In a few combinations, the tense meanings are altered. /ó jā riā́ e/ is definitely present in its meaning, though past in its form.
The following are some of the commoner and more important.
/sak/ ‘be able, can’ The first verb is a bare stem.
/ó othe jā sakdā e/. ‘He can go there’.
/lagg-/ ‘begin’ The first verb has the ending/- ṇ/.
/ó othe jāṇ laggā/. ‘He started to go there.’
/lɛ/ ‘take’ The first verb is a bare stem.
/óne lɛ liā/. ‘He took it away’.
/pɛ/ ‘have to’ The first verb has the ending /- ṇā/.
/ónū̃ othe jāṇā pawegā/. ‘He will have to go there’.
This is very much stronger than /óne othe jāṇā/.
/pɛ/ adds some emphasis. The first verb has the ending /-dā/.
/ó othe jā̃dā piā e/. ‘He is going there’.
/rέ/ ‘continue, be in process of’. When the first verb is the bare stem,the indication is of present time. This is the clearest way to indicate that something is going on at the moment of speaking. With a designation of time included in the sentences it may indicate the immediate future.
/ó othe jā riā́ e/. ‘He is just now going there’.
/ó rāt nū̃ othe jā riā́ e/. ‘He is going there tonight’.
When the first verb has the ending /-dā/, the indication is of continuous activity in the past.
/ó othe jā̃dā riā́/. ‘He was continuously going there’.
/ho/ ‘used to, but no longer’. Both verbs have /-dā/ and the auxiliary is /sī/.
/ó othe jā̃dā hũdā sī/. ‘He used to go there’.
/ho/ ‘I am sure that it is so’. The first verb has the ending /-dā/. /ho/ is either an infinitive or a future.
/ó othe jā̃dā hoṇā/. ‘He must be going there’.
/jā/ and /de/ both give slight strenghening. The sentence emphasis is always on the verb phrase. This shift of emphasis commonly results in subtle differences of connotation between the first verb alone and the first verb plus /jā/ or /de/. These differences vary with the nature of the verb concerned and with the context. Only certain verbs combine with each. The first verb is the bare stem.
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਓਹ ਓਥੇ ਆ ਜਾਏਗਾ। |
ó othe ā jāegā. |
‘He will come there’. |
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ਓਹਨੇ ਓਥੇ ਪਾ ਦਿੱਤਾ। |
óne othe pā dittā. |
‘He put it there’. |
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Notice that in a few of the above combinations, what in English would be the subject is expressed by /óne/ or /ónū̃/.
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18.9
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਚਾਚੀ ਜੀ ਚਰਖਾ ਕੱਤਣ ਲੱਗੇ ਨੇ। |
čāčī jī čarkhā kattaṇ lagge ne. |
Auntie has begun to spin. |
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ਓਹਨੇ ਸੂਤ ਕਤ ਲਿਆ ਏ। |
óne sūt kat liā e. |
She has finished spinning thread. |
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ਮੇਜੋ ਨਾਲ਼ਾ ਉਣ ਰਹੀ ਏ। |
mejo nāḷā uṇ raī́ e. |
Mejo is making a /nāḷā/. |
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18.10
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਕਲ੍ਹ ਸਾਰਾ ਦਿਨ ਹਲ਼ ਵਗਦੇ ਰਹੇ। |
kál sārā din haḷ wagde raé. |
Yesterday, the ploughs worked all day. |
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ਸਾਡੇ ਕਈ ਦਿਨਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਹਲ਼ ਨਹੀਂ ਵਗੇ। |
sāḍe kaī dinā̃ to haḷ naī̃́ wage. |
We haven't ploughed for several days. |
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ਓਹ ਹਾਲੀ ਖੇਤਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਨੇ। |
ó hālī khetā̃ wič rɛ̃́de ne. |
They are still in the fields. |
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ਹਾਲ਼ੀ ਖੇਤਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਰਹਿੰਦੇ ਨੇ। |
hāḷī khetā̃ wič rɛ̃́de ne. |
The ploughmen are in the fields. |
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18.11
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਵੀਰ ਲੈ ਜਾਏਗਾ। |
wīr lɛ jāegā. |
Brother will take it. |
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ਓਹ ਜਲਦੀ ਪਹੁੰਚ ਜਾਏਗੀ। |
ó jaldī pͻ̃́č jāegī. |
She will get there soon. |
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ਜਲਦੀ ਕਰੋ, ਦੇਰ ਹੋ ਜਾਏਗੀ। |
jaldī karo, der ho jāegī. |
Hurry up, it's getting late. |
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ਵੀਰ ਉਡੀਕਦਾ ਹੋਏਗਾ। |
wīr uḍīkdā hoegā. |
Brother must be waiting. |
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18.12
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਅਸੀਂ ਅਜ ਤੰਦੂਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਤਾਇਆ। |
asī̃ aj tãdūr naī̃́ tāiā. |
We haven't heated our /tãdūr/ today. |
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ਸਾਡਾ ਤੰਦੂਰ ਠੀਕ ਹੋ ਗਿਆ। |
sāḍā tãdūr ṭhīk ho giā. |
Our /tãdūr/ is all right now. |
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ਓਹਨਾਂ ਦਾ ਤੰਦੂਰ ਰੁੱਝਾ ਹੋਇਆ ਏ। |
ónā̃ dā tãdūr rújjā hoiā e. |
Their /tãdūr/ is busy. |
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ਮੈਂ ਦੋ ਪੂਰ ਲਾ ਲਏ ਨੇ। |
mɛ̃ do pūr lā lae ne. |
I have baked two batches. |
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18.13
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਸੁਰਿੰਦਰ ਨਹੀਂ ਆ ਸਕਦਾ। |
surĩdar naī̃́ ā sakdā. |
Surindar cannot come. |
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ਰਾਮ ਲਾਲ ਕਲ੍ਹ ਨਹੀਂ ਜਾ ਸਕਦਾ। |
rām lāl kál naī̃́ jā sakegā. |
Ram Lal will not be able to go tomorrow. |
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ਬੇਗ ਕਲ੍ਹ ਰੋਟੀ ਨਹੀਂ ਸੀ ਖਾ ਸਕਿਆ। |
beg kál roṭī naī̃́ sī khā sakiā. |
Beg was not able to eat yesterday. |
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ਓਹ ਏਥੇ ਰਹਿ ਸਕਣਗੇ। |
ó ethe rɛ́ sakaṇge. |
They will be able to stay here. |
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18.14
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਪਰੇਮ ਚਾਹ ਪੀਣ ਲੱਗਾ ਏ। |
parem čā́ pīṇ laggā e. |
Prem is having tea. |
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ਓਹ ਚੰਗਾ ਲਗਦਾ ਏ। |
ó čãgā lagdā e. |
That looks good. |
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ਬੜੀ ਧੁਪ ਲੱਗੀ ਏ। |
baṛī tùp laggī e. |
The sun is very bright. |
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ਕਮਾਦ ਨੂੰ ਪਾਣੀ ਲੱਗਾ ਏ। |
kamād nū̃ pāṇī laggā e. |
The sugarcane is being watered. |
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18.15
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਤੇਨੂੰ ਇਹ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਵੇਗਾ। |
tenū̃ é kãm karnā pawegā. |
You will have to finish this work. |
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ਬ੍ਹੀਰੋ ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਂਦੀ ਪਈ ਸੀ। |
bī̀ro roṭī khā̃dī paī sī. |
Bhiro was eating dinner. |
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ਖੂਹ ਵਗ ਰਿਹਾ ਸੀ। |
khū́ wag riā́ sī. |
The well was running. |
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ਬਿਮਲਾ ਗਾਉਂਦੀ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਸੀ। |
bimlā gͻ̃dī hũdī sī. |
Bimla used to sing. |
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18.16
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਅਹਿਮਦ ਨੇ ਸਾਈਕਲ ਰੱਖਿਆ ਸੀ। |
έmad ne sāīkal rakkhiā sī. |
Ahmad put away the cycle. |
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ਬੇਗ ਨੇ ਹਲ਼ ਰਖ ਦਿੱਤਾ ਸੀ। |
beg ne haḷ rakh dittā sī. |
Beg put away the plough. |
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There is a slightly greater implication of completion in the second.
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਓਹਨੇ ਹਲਵਾਈ ਨੂੰ ਪੈਸੇ ਦਿੱਤੇ। |
óne halwāī nū̃ pɛse ditte. |
He gave the confectioner money. |
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ਓਹਨੇ ਦੁਕਾਨਦਾਰ ਨੂੰ ਪੈਸੇ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਤੇ। |
óne dukāndār nū̃ pɛse de ditte. |
He gave the merchant money. |
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The second perhaps implies that he paid off a debt.
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18.17
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਆਓ, ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਓ। |
āo, roṭī khāo. |
Come, have dinner. |
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ਆਓ, ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾ ਜਾਓ। |
āo, roṭī khā jāo. |
Come and eat. |
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The second implies impatience or mild insistence.
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਓਹਨੇ ਕੰਮ ਕੀਤਾ। |
óne kãm kītā. |
He did his work. |
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ਓਹ ਕੰਮ ਕਰ ਗਿਆ। |
ó kãm kar giā. |
He did his work. |
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ਓਹਨੇ ਕੰਮ ਕਰ ਦਿੱਤਾ। |
óne kãm kar dittā. |
He did his work. |
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The second suggests more definitely that he did it all and went on to other things, the third puts more emphasis on the notion of finishing than on that of doing.
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18.18
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਸਾਰੀ ਰਾਤ ਖੂਹ ਵਗਦਾ ਰਿਹਾ। |
sārī rāt khū́ wagdā riā́. |
Come, have dinner. |
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ਸਾਰੀ ਰਾਤ ਖੂਹ ਵਗਦੇ ਨੇ। |
sārī rāt khū́ wagde ne. |
The well runs all night. |
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ਸਾਰੀ ਰਾਤ ਖੂਹ ਵਗਦਾ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਸੀ। |
sārī rāt khū́ wagdā hũdā sī. |
The well used to run all night. |
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The first suggests that it ran all night on some specific occasion. The second is general statement that it commonly runs at night, presumably on any night. The third suggests that it used to run at night, but no longer does.
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18.19
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਸ਼ਾਮ ਨੂੰ ਖੂਹ ਵਗੇਗਾ। |
šām nū̃ khū́ wagegā. |
The well will run in the evening. |
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ਸ਼ਾਮ ਨੂੰ ਖੂਹ ਵਗ ਰਿਹਾ ਏ। |
šām nū̃ khū́ wag riā́ e. |
The well will run this evening. |
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ਸ਼ਾਮ ਨੂੰ ਖੂਹ ਵਗਦਾ ਏ। |
šām nū̃ khū́ wagdā e. |
The well runs in the evening. |
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The first suggests that at some unspecified future time the well will run, perhaps once or perhaps on many evenings. The second, if said earlier in the day, would be an immediate future applying to the coming evening only. The last is a general descriptive statement; the well usually runs in the evening.
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