13.1 |
Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation
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13.2 |
Diwali is a celebration of Hindu origin, but for many people of little religious significance, and generally celebrated by all communities.
The Ramayana is the legendary history of the kidnapping by Ravana of Sita, wife of Rama, and her eventual rescue and return. Throughout India this is probably the most widely familiar story. It is less often told in Pakistan, but many of the incidents are nevertheless widely known.
Rama is known by a number of different names. /rām čãdar/ is a rather common one.
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13.3 |
/dīp māḷā/ is literally ‘a garland of lamps’. Originally small clay lamps were used, but recently candles or electric lights have tended to supplant them.
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§ GRAMMAR |
13.4 |
Sentences in Punjabi are built, as you have seen, on a number of patterns. Most of them contain a verb phrase and a subject. They may also contain a number of other elements. The verb phrase may consist of a single word or of several. Similarly, the subject may consist of one word or many. After the verb phrase and the subject, the most frequent sentence element is the object. This also may consist of any number of words.
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Subject |
Object |
Verb Phrase |
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ਹਲਵਾਈ halwāī |
ਨਵੀਆਂ ਮਠਿਆਈਆਂ nawīā̃ maṭhiāīā̃ |
ਕਢਦੇ ਨੇ। káḍde ne. |
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ਛੋਟੇ ਮੁੰਡੇ čhoṭe mũḍe |
ਪਟਾਕੇ paṭāke |
ਲਈ ਫਿਰਦੇ ਨੇ। laī phirde ne. |
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Contrary to English conventions, the subject is commonly omitted. In this instance it is generally indicated to be identical with that of the preceding sentence :
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Subject |
Object |
Verb Phrase |
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ਹਲਵਾਈ halwāī |
ਸਭ ਕੁਝ sáb kúj |
ਬਣਾਉਂਦੇ ਨੇ। baṇͻ̃de ne |
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In English this word generally be indicated by using a pronoun for the subject.
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13.5 |
One type of Punjabi verb phrase is called present tense. The examples just above are of this kind. The mark of the present tense is a suffix (/dā/) followed by an auxiliary (commonly /e/ or /ne/). This always agrees with the subject and can be identified as that part of the sentences with which the present tense verb phrase shows agreement.
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Masculine plural |
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ਹਲਵਾਈ..........ਕਢ-ਦੇ ਨੇ। |
halwāī..........káḍ-de ne. |
Feminine singular |
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ਦਿਵਾਲ਼ੀ..........ਜਾਂ-ਦੀ ਏ। |
diwāḷī..........jā̃-dī e. |
Feminine Plural |
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...ਬੜੀਆਂ ਰੌਣਕਾਂ...ਹੁੰ-ਦੀਆਂ ਨੇ। |
...baṛīā̃ rͻṇkā̃...hũ-dīā̃ ne. |
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13.6 |
There are two sets of auxiliaries in Punjabi. Both are given here, though only the first is used in the present tense :
Singular
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
First Person |
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ਆਂ |
ā̃ |
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ਸਾਂ |
sā̃ |
Second Person |
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ਏਂ |
ẽ |
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ਸੈਂ |
sɛ̃ |
Third Person |
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ਏ |
e |
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ਸੀ |
sī |
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Plural
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
First Person |
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ਆਂ |
ā̃ |
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ਸਾਂ |
sā̃ |
Second Person |
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ਓ |
o |
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ਸੋ |
so |
Third Person |
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ਨੇ |
ne |
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ਸਨ |
san |
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13.7 |
The suffix used in the present tense is /-dā/. It agrees with the subject in exactly the same way as do adjectives. The following are the forms of the present tense for two verbs. Pronoun subjects are given.
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§ MASCULINE
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਮੈਂ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਆਂ। |
mɛ̃ jā̃dā ā̃. |
‘I go’. |
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ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦਾ ਆਂ। |
mɛ̃ kardā ā̃. |
‘I do’. |
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ਤੂੰ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਏਂ। |
tū̃ jā̃dā ẽ. |
‘You go’. |
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ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦਾ ਏਂ। |
tū̃ kardā ẽ. |
‘You do’. |
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ਓਹ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਏ। |
ó jā̃dā e. |
‘He goes’. |
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ਓਹ ਕਰਦਾ ਏ। |
ó kardā e. |
‘He does’. |
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ਅਸੀਂ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਆਂ। |
asī̃ jā̃de ā̃. |
‘We go’. |
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ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਆਂ। |
asī̃ karde ā̃. |
‘we do’. |
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ਤੁਸੀਂ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਓ। |
tusī̃ jā̃de o. |
‘You go’ |
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ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੇ ਓ। |
tusī̃ karde o. |
‘You do’. |
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ਓਹ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਨੇ। |
ó jā̃de ne. |
‘They go’. |
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ਓਹ ਕਰਦੇ ਨੇ। |
ó karde ne. |
‘They do’. |
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§ FEMININE |
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਮੈਂ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਆਂ। |
mɛ̃ jā̃dī ā̃. |
‘I go’. |
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ਮੈਂ ਕਰਦੀ ਆਂ। |
mɛ̃ kardī ā̃. |
‘I do’. |
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ਤੂੰ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਏਂ। |
tū̃ jā̃dī ẽ. |
‘You go’. |
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ਤੂੰ ਕਰਦੀ ਏਂ। |
tū̃ kardī ẽ. |
‘You do’. |
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ਓਹ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਏ। |
ó jā̃dī e. |
‘She goes’. |
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ਓਹ ਕਰਦੀ ਏ। |
ó kardī e. |
‘She does’. |
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ਅਸੀਂ ਜਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਆਂ। |
asī̃ jā̃dīā̃ ā̃. |
‘We go’. |
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ਅਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਆਂ। |
asī̃ kardīā̃ ā̃. |
‘we do’. |
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ਤੁਸੀਂ ਜਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਓ। |
tusī̃ jā̃dīā̃ o. |
‘You go’. |
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ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਓ। |
tusī̃ kardīā̃ o. |
‘You do’. |
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ਓਹ ਜਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਨੇ। |
ó jā̃dīā̃ ne. |
‘They go’. |
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ਓਹ ਕਰਦੀਆਂ ਨੇ। |
ó kardīā̃ ne. |
‘They do’. |
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13.8 |
The forms with /tũ/ are related to sentences like /jā́ khū́ tõ pāṇī liā́/. As such they are seldom used in speaking to a chance acquaintance, or in most of the situations where you will find yourself in Punjab. /tusī̃/ is preferred even when speaking to single person. It remains grammatically plural, of course. /tusī̃/ is related to sentence like /jāo khū́ tõ pāṇī liāo/. (See 11.18) That is, /tusī̃/ is used in the same situations as /jāo/ and /tū̃/ in the same situations as /jā́/.
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§ PRONUNCIATION |
13.9 |
The present tense gives rise to certain sequences of consonants that are difficult for English speaking people. The following are examples. They have been given in the masculine singular form. It will be useful to practice them in the other forms also. They can all be practiced in such a context as /ó.....e/. or /ó ........ne/.
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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ਕਢਦਾ |
káḍdā |
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ਚੜ੍ਹਦਾ |
čáṛdā |
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ਉਡਦਾ |
uḍdā |
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ਕੜ੍ਹਦਾ |
káṛdā |
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ਵਢਦਾ |
wáḍdā |
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ਪੜ੍ਹਦਾ |
páṛdā |
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ਖੇਢਦਾ |
khéḍdā |
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ਰੁੜ੍ਹਦਾ |
rúṛdā |
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ਚਟਦਾ |
čaṭdā |
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ਉਠਦਾ |
uṭhdā |
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ਕਟਦਾ |
kaṭdā |
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ਨਠਦਾ |
naṭhdā |
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ਪੁਟਦਾ |
puṭdā |
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ਮਾਠਦਾ |
māṭhdā |
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ਕੁਟਦਾ |
kuṭdā |
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ਬੈਠਦਾ |
bɛṭhdā |
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§ PATTERN PRACTICE |
13.10
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਲੋਕ ਆਪਣੇ ਘਰਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਾਫ ਕਰਦੇ ਨੇ। |
lok āpṇe kàrā̃ nū̃ sāf karde ne. |
The people clean their houses. |
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ਔਰਤਾਂ ਆਪਣੇ ਘਰਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਜਾਉਂਦੀਆਂ ਨੇ। |
ͻrtā̃ āpṇe kàrā̃ nū̃ sajͻ̃dīā̃ ne. |
The women decorate their houses. |
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ਔਰਤ ਆਪਣੇ ਘਰ ਨੂੰ ਸਾਫ ਕਰਦੀ ਏ। |
ͻrat āpṇe kàr nū̃ sāf kardī e. |
The woman cleans her house. |
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ਓਹ ਮੇਰੇ ਘਰ ਨੂੰ ਸਾਫ ਕਰਦਾ ਏ। |
ó mere kàr nū̃ sāf kardā e. |
He cleans my house. |
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13.11
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਦਿਵਾਲ਼ੀ ਨਾਲ ਸਿਆਲ਼ ਦੀ ਰੁੱਤ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਏ। |
diwāḷī nāḷ siāḷ dī rut šurū hũdī e. |
The winter season starts with Diwali. |
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ਸ਼ਾਮ ਨੂੰ ਖੇਢ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਏ। |
šām nū̃ khéḍ šurū hũdī e. |
The game begins in the evening. |
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ਰਾਤ ਨੂੰ ਦੁਕਾਨ ਬੰਦ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਏ। |
rāt nū̃ dukān bãd hũdī e. |
The shop closes at night. |
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ਰਾਤ ਨੂੰ ਦੀਪ ਮਾਲ਼ਾ ਹੁੰਦੀ ਏ। |
rāt nū̃ dīp māḷā hũdī e. |
At night lamps are lit. |
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13.12
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਮੇਲਾ ਉਸ ਖੁਸ਼ੀ ਵਿਚ ਮਨਾਇਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਏ। |
melā us khušī wič manāiā jā̃dā e. |
The festival is celebrated on account of that. |
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ਹਰ ਸਾਲ ਦਿਵਾਲ਼ੀ ਮਨਾਈ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਏ। |
har sāl diwāḷī manāī jā̃dī e. |
Diwlai is celebrated every year. |
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ਬਹੁਤ ਮੇਲੇ ਮਨਾਏ ਜਾਂਦੇ ਨੇ। |
bͻ́t mele manāe jā̃de ne. |
Many festivals are celebrated. |
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ਈਦ ਪਾਕਿਸਤਾਨ ਵਿਚ ਮਨਾਈ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਏ। |
īd pākistān wič manāī jā̃dī e. |
Id is celebrated in Pakistan. |
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13.13
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਓਹ ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਂਦੇ ਨੇ। |
ó roṭī khā̃de ne. |
They are eating dinner. |
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ਮੈਂ ਘਰ ਵਿਚ ਬੈਠਾ ਆਂ। |
mɛ̃ kàr wīč bɛṭhā ā̃. |
I am sitting in the house. |
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ਅਸੀਂ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਚੱਲੇ ਆਂ। |
asī̃ šέr čalle ā̃. |
We are going to the city. |
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ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕੀ ਪੀਂਦੇ ਓ? |
tusī̃ kī pī̃de o? |
What are you drinking? |
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13.14
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਓਹ ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਂਦੀਆਂ ਨੇ। |
ó roṭī khā̃dīā̃ ne. |
They are eating dinner. |
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ਮੈਂ ਘਰ ਵਿਚ ਬੈਠੀ ਆਂ। |
mɛ̃ kàr wič bɛṭhī ā̃. |
I am sitting in the house. |
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ਅਸੀਂ ਸ਼ਹਿਰ ਚੱਲੇ ਆਂ। |
asī̃ šέr čalle ā̃. |
We are going to the city. |
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ਤੁਸੀਂ ਕੀ ਪੀਂਦੀਆਂ ਓ? |
tusī̃ kī pī̃dīā̃ o? |
What are you drinking? |
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13.15
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਮੈਂ ਚਾਹ ਪੀਂਦਾ ਸਾਂ। |
mɛ̃ čā́ pī̃dā sā̃. |
I was drinking tea. |
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ਅਸੀਂ ਰੋਟੀ ਖਾਂਦੇ ਸਾਂ। |
asī̃ roṭī khā̃de sā̃. |
We were eating dinner. |
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ਤੁਸੀਂ ਓਥੇ ਖੇਢਦੇ ਸੋ। |
tusī̃ othe khéḍde so. |
You were playing there. |
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ਓਹ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਦੇ ਸਨ। |
ó kãm karde san. |
They were working. |
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