| 5.1 |
Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation
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5.2 |
Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation
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5.3 |
Dialogues in Gurmukhi with Transcription and Translation
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§ USAGE NOTES
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| 5.4 |
In Punjab, shops are generally small and specialized. These three dialogues deal with fruit shops. Ordinarily vegetables will be sold in different shops. Moreover, it is quite usual to have a number of fruit shops together. The vegetables shops will also be together at another place, perhaps not far away. Grain merchants may be on another street. Some fruit sellers will be in regular shops. Others will be in stalls in the fruit market, a large building usually put up and maintained by the city. A few will simply do business from the street or sidewalk.
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It is quite customary to bargain a bit. Women tend to do so more than men, with the result that the shopkeeper starts higher to allow more bargaining space. Bargaining does not set the price. Rather it is something of a brief ritual leading up to agreement at a pretty generally understood going price in the market at that season. Do not overdo haggling in the market. On the other hand, do not accept the shopkeeper's first price. Find out something of the local price structure at the time, and then bargain until the price is in line. Shopping around from one seller to another will help give the needed information.
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| 5.5 |
You will find a variety of fruit in the markets at various seasons. Some will be familiar. Others, like mangoes /ãb/, are occasionally seen in the United States. Still others will be totally strange. When you get to Punjab go on exploring in the markets. Ask about anything you see that you don't know. It will be worthwhile getting acquainted with all the fruits and vegetables in use.
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There are two kind of oranges in Punjab, /sãtrā/ and /nārãgī/. Though they are quite distinct, English calls them both 'oranges'. Most American oranges are /nārãgī/ rather than /sãtrā/. /sãtre/ peel more easily and have different, sweeter flavour.
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There are many varieties of mangoes /ãb/. The names vary from place to place. They differ in size, colour, shape, flavour, and of course, price. If you don't like them the first time you try them, try again. You may have got one of the poor varieties the first time! In the same way there are several varieties of bananas, some quite different from that familiar in America. They also differ greatly in price.
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§ PRONUNCIATION
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| 5.6 |
Punjabi has both single and double consonants. Double consonants are held longer than single. Some pairs of words are distinguished only by the length of a consonant. There are not many such pairs. Nevertheless, it is important to pronounce the double consonants correctly, because otherwise the word may not be recognized.
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Double consonants are not distinctive in spoken English. 'nil' and 'mill' rime exactly. In spelling, doubling of consonant letters is used most commonly to indicate something about the vowels. Thus 'hoping' and 'hopping' differ in the vowels, not in the consonants. Because you are accustomed to reading 'p' and 'pp' alike, it is easy to overlook the difference when you work on Punjabi. This is another reason to depend on your hearing of the instructor's pronunciation rather than or reading the transcriptions. Wherever we write a Punjabi word with a double consonant it should warn you to listen carefully for feature which is unfamiliar to most Americans.
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The following words should be carefully practiced. First listen to your instructor's pronunciation as he reads the list through. Then imitate his pronunciation. He will provide a model. At first say them only immediately after hearing him.
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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ਸਦੀ |
sadī |
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ਸੱਦੀ |
saddī |
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ਕਮਾ |
kamā |
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ਕੰਮੀ |
kammī |
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ਚੁਕਿਆ |
čukiā |
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ਚੁੱਕਿਆ |
čukkiā |
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ਕੂਚਾ |
kūčā |
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ਕੱਚਾ |
kaččā |
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ਬਾਕੀ |
bākī |
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ਬੱਕੀ |
bakkī |
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ਵਾਧੂ |
wā́dū |
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ਬੱਧਾ |
báddā |
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ਜਤੀ |
jatī |
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ਜੁੱਤੀ |
juttī |
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ਬਜਾ |
bajā |
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ਬੱਝਾ |
bájjā |
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ਚਾਬੀ |
čābī |
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ਚੱਬੀ |
čabbī |
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ਲੋਭੀ |
lóbī |
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ਲੱਭੀ |
lábbī |
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ਲੇਪੀ |
lepī |
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ਲੱਪੀ |
lappī |
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ਕਸੀ |
kasī |
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ਕੱਸੀ |
kassī |
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ਨਾਚੀ |
nāčī |
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ਨੱਚੀ |
naččī |
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ਕੁਲੀ |
kulī |
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ਕੁੱਲੀ |
kullī |
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5.7 |
The vowel /ɛ/ is rather similar to ‘a’ in 'man'. For /ͻ/ the closest English approximation is 'aw' in 'saw'. This is better in British English than in American, but not really close enough in either. Both should receive some practice. The following words will be useful :
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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ਕੈ |
kɛ |
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ਜੈ |
jɛ |
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ਲਹਿ |
lέ |
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ਲੈ |
lɛ |
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ਰਹਿ |
rɛ́ |
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ਕਹਿ |
kέ |
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ਸੈ |
sɛ |
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ਨਹਿਰ |
nέr |
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ਲਹਿਰ |
lέr |
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ਤੈਰ |
tɛr |
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ਸ਼ਹਿਰ |
šέr |
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ਮਹਿਰਾ |
mέrā |
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ਪਹਿਰਾ |
pέrā |
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ਪੈਸਾ |
pɛsā |
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ਪਹਿਲੀ |
pέlī |
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ਪੈਂਦ |
pɛ̃d |
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ਬਹਿੰਦੇ |
bɛ̃́de |
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ਵੈਰੀ |
wɛrī |
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ਕਹੁ |
kͻ́ |
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ਜੌ |
jͻ |
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ਲਹੁ |
lͻ́ |
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ਚੌ |
čͻ |
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ਨੌ |
nͻ |
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ਰਹੁ |
rͻ́ |
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ਕੌਰ |
kͻr |
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ਪਹੁਰ |
pͻ́r |
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ਤੌਰ |
tͻr |
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ਚੌਰ |
čͻr |
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ਦੌਰ |
dͻr |
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ਮਹੁਰੀ |
mͻ́rī |
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ਬਹੁਤ |
bͻ́t |
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ਗੌਲ |
gͻl |
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ਦੌਨ |
dͻn |
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ਚੌਦਾਂ |
čͻdā̃ |
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ਤਰੌ |
tarͻ |
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ਦੌਨ |
dͻn |
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ਲੈਂ |
lɛ̃ |
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ਹੈਂ |
hɛ̃ |
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ਸਹੁੰ |
sͻ̃́ |
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ਗੌਂ |
gͻ̃ |
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ਸੌਂ |
sͻ̃ |
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ਜੌਂ |
jͻ̃ |
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§ PATTERN PRACTICE
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5.8
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਇਕ ਸੰਤਰਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਏ। |
ik sãtrā čā́īdā e. |
I want one orange. |
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ਇਕ ਅੰਬ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਏ। |
ik ãb čā́īdā e. |
I want one mango. |
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ਇਕ ਕੇਲਾ ਚਾਹੀਦਾ ਏ। |
ik kelā čā́īdā e. |
I want one banana. |
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5.9
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਕੁਝ ਸੰਤਰੇ ਚਾਹੀਦੇ ਨੇ। |
kúj sãtre čā́īde ne. |
I want some oranges. |
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ਕੁਝ ਅੰਬ ਚਾਹੀਦੇ ਨੇ। |
kúj ãb čā́īde ne. |
I want some mangoes. |
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ਕੁਝ ਕੇਲੇ ਚਾਹੀਦੇ ਨੇ। |
kúj kele čā́īde ne. |
I want some bananas. |
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ਕੁਝ ਫਲ ਚਾਹੀਦੇ ਨੇ। |
kúj phal čā́īde ne. |
I want some fruit. |
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5.10
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਚਾਲ਼ੀ ਰੁਪੈ ਦਰਜਨ। |
čāḷī rupɛ darjan. |
Forty rupees a dozen. |
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ਸਵਾ ਤੀਹ ਰੁਪੈ ਦਰਜਨ। |
sawā tī́ rupɛ darjan. |
Thirty and a quarter rupees a dozen. |
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ਸਠ ਰੁਪੈ ਕਿੱਲੋ। |
saṭh rupɛ killo. |
Sixty rupees a kilo. |
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5.11
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਓਹ ਤੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਮਹਿੰਗੇ ਨੇ। |
ó te bͻ́t mɛ̃́ge ne. |
Those are really too expensive. |
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ਏ ਤੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਸਤੇ ਨੇ। |
é te bͻ́t saste ne. |
These are very cheap. |
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5.12
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਮੈਂ ਤੇ ਚਾਲ਼ੀ ਰੁਪੈ ਦਿਆਂਗਾ। |
mɛ̃ te čāḷī rupɛ diā̃gā. |
I will give only forty rupees. |
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ਮੈਂ ਤੇ ਸੱਤਰ ਰੁਪੈ ਦਿਆਂਗਾ। |
mɛ̃ te sattar rupɛ diā̃gā. |
I will give only seventy rupees. |
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ਮੈਂ ਤੇ ਵੀਹ ਰੁਪੈ ਦਿਆਂਗਾ। |
mɛ̃ te wī́ rupɛ diā̃gā. |
I will give only twenty rupees. |
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ਮੈਂ ਤੇ ਤੀਹ ਰੁਪੈ ਦਿਆਂਗਾ। |
mɛ̃ te tī́ rupɛ diā̃gā. |
I will give only thirty rupees. |
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5.13
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਮੈਂ ਤੇ ਤੀਹ ਰੁਪੈ ਦਿਆਂਗੀ। |
mɛ̃ te tī́ rupɛ diā̃gī. |
I will give only thirty rupees. |
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ਮੈਂ ਤੇ ਚਾਲ਼ੀ ਰੁਪੈ ਦਿਆਂਗੀ। |
mɛ̃ te čāḷī rupɛ diā̃gī. |
I will give only forty rupees. |
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ਮੈਂ ਤੇ ਸਵਾ ਵੀਹ ਰੁਪੈ ਦਿਆਂਗੀ। |
mɛ̃ te sawā wī́ rupɛ diā̃gī. |
I will give only twenty and a quarter rupees. |
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5.14 |
Patterns 5.11, 5.12 and 5.13 all contain /te/. All of them to be used only when these sentences are set off against some other statement. Compare /bͻ́t saste ne jī./ and /naī̃́, é te bͻ́t mɛ̃́ge ne./ in dialogue 5.1. Practice these same patterns with /te/ omitted.
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5.15 |
Pattern 5.12 would be used by a male speaker. Pattern 5.13 would be used by a female speaker. The two are otherwise exactly identical.
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