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§ USAGE NOTES |
11.2 |
This is a very familiar folk tale in Punjab. It will be distinctly worth memorizing,
since you may have opportunity to tell a tale. A familiar one is certainly the best for a beginner!
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Line 1 is a very usual opening formula for a tale of this sort. It is, of course, varied slightly from tale to tale: /ik sī rājā te ik sī rāṇī/. ‘There once was a king and a queen’. etc. A sentence of this type marks that follows as a tale in much the same way as does English
'Once upon a time there was a sparrow and a crow’.
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Line 24 is a standard way of closing a folk tale. It has some of the same functions as English ‘And so they lived happily ever after’.
Neither of these formulas would be used with other kinds of narrative.
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Line 23 is a well known proverb. It uses /khiččaṛ/ instead of the more usual /khičṛī/. Being a proverb, it would not do to change it, of course.
/kiõ parāī khičṛī khā́dī/. would, however, mean exactly the same thing.
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11.3 |
/khičṛī/ is a dish made of rice and something else cooked together. The other ingredient is most often some kind of /dāl/, This is the case here; /moṭh/ is a kind of /dāl/. The word /khičṛī/ is also used metaphorically of anything mixed,
e.g. /khičṛī pā̀šā/ mixed language: Punjabi, English, Urdu and what-not mixed together.
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11.4 |
Village people grind flour from their own grain. For this purpose they use a /čakkī/. This consists of two stones one above the other. The lower one is stationary; the upper one can be turned by means of a /hatthī/ (compare /hath/ ‘hand’). In the centre of the upper stone is a hole /gãḍ/ into which the grain is poured a little at a time.
It passes between the two as the upper one is turned and comes out around the edge as flour.
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§ PRONUNCIATION |
11.5 |
The following is a convenient summary of all the sounds of Punjabi:
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Velar |
Palatal |
Retroflex |
Dental |
Labial |
| Stops:voiceless |
k |
č |
ṭ |
t |
p |
| aspirated |
kh |
čh |
ṭh |
th |
ph |
| voiced |
g |
j |
ḍ |
d |
b |
| Nasals |
η |
ñ |
ṇ |
n |
m |
| Flap and trill |
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ṛ |
r |
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| Laterals |
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ḷ |
l |
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| Fricatives: voiceless |
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š |
s |
f |
| voiced |
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z |
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| Semi-vowels |
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y |
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w |
| Glottal |
h |
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Nasalization : ˜ |
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Tones : ́ (High Tone) , ̅ (Mid Tone) , ̀ (Low Tone)
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Vowels :
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
| ਈ |
ī |
ਏ |
e |
| ਐ |
ε |
ਆ |
ā |
| ਔ |
ͻ |
ਓ |
o |
| ਊ |
ū |
ਇ |
i |
| ਅ |
a |
ਉ |
u |
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11.5 |
The labels given are techincal phonetic terms. A few were introduced in the first ten lessons. The remainder are introduced here for the convenience of students who have studied phonetics. If you are not already familiar with them, there is no need to learn them.
They will not be made use of in the remaining lessons.
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| 11.6 |
Certain of the sounds listed require some comment:
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There is a clear contrast in Punjabi between /ãb/ and /ab/, /ãd/ and /ad/, and /ãḍ/ and /aḍ/.
This is shown by such pairs of words as the following:
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਕੰਬ |
/kãb/ |
‘tremble’ |
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ਲਬ |
/lab/ |
‘greed’ |
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ਸੰਦ |
/sãd/ |
‘tool’ |
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ਸਦ |
/sad/ |
‘call’ |
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ਕੰਡ |
/kãḍ/ |
‘back’ |
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ਕਢ |
/káḍ/ |
‘take out’ |
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In the speech of most Punjabis, there is also a distinction between /ãg/ and /aη/. However, this is very much less important. There is a great deal of variation. Some say /wāη/ ‘like’; others say /wā̃g/; still others use both. But those who say /wāη/ usually say /wiãg/ ‘trick’. Because of such variation, it is impossible to transcribe the difference in a way that would accurately reflect the pronunciation of all those who might serve as instructors using these lessons. But it is hardly necessary, since the distinction is of little significance. For convenience, we have written both as /ãg/. Thus /wā̃g/ represents either /wāη/ or /wā̃g/, while /wiãg/ represents only /wiaηg/. If you imitate your instructor, your pronunciation of these words will be entirely acceptable,
though perhaps slightly different from that of another person trained under a different instructor.
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| 11.7 |
The situation with /ñ/ is in some ways similar. There are very few words with /ñ/ where this is not immediately followed by /č/ or /j/, The only common one is /añāṇā/ ‘child’. On the other hand, neither /n/ or /ṇ/ occurs before /č/ or /j/. We can, therefore, use a simpler transcription and write / ̃č/ and / ̃j/ instead of the more strictly correct /ñč/ and /ñj/. There is no possibility of mistake,
and the beginner would not be helped by the added specification.
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| 11.8 |
In some parts of Punjab, /ḷ/ is not distinguished from /l/. In others, /ḷ/ is used in fewer words than is indicated in these lessons. Your instructor's pronunciation, therefore, may not coincide exactly with that shown. In any case, imitate his pronunciation. If you do so, you will be understood in any part of the Punjab. Punjabis who distinguish /ḷ/ and /l/ are accustomed to hearing dialects that do not.
If you make the distinction in a community that does not, there can be no difficulty.
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| 11.9 |
Not all Punjabis make a clear distinction between /ph/ (which is rather common) and /f/ (which is much rarer). In certain positions in the word, some people will pronounce both much like English ‘f ’. The distinction is mostly likely to be made in initial position. Educated people are more likely to make the distinction than uneducated. Again, the best practice is to imitate your instructor.
His speech probably represents a very good type of Punjabi that should be acceptable anywhere.
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| 11.10 |
/z/ is a sound that occurs most often in words borrowed from Urdu. As such, it is very much more common in Pakistani Punjabi than in Indian. Its pronunciation presents no difficulty for Americans, being very much like ‘z’ in ‘zoo’. But it does give trouble for some Punjabis. You will frequently hear /j/ substituted, particularly in rural areas. Thus, you may hear /jarūr/ for /zarūr/.
It is probably best to use /z/, but you must be prepared to hear and understand /j/.
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| 11.11 |
There are three tones in Punjabi. Every word has just one tone. It may occur on the first syllable or (very much more rarely) on the second syllable. Normal tone is very much the most frequent. For this reason it is convenient to leave it unmarked except when it occurs on the second syllable. This makes it unnecessary to write any tone mark on more than half the words Though not written the tone is still to be pronounced.
Every Punjabi word has a tone. The following indicate the possibilities.
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1. syllable 2. syllables 3. syllables
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Tone on first syllable :
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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normal |
ਚਾ |
/čā/ |
‘enthusiasm’ |
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normal |
ਕੋੜਾ |
/koṛā/ |
‘whip’ |
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normal |
ਬੋਲੀਏ |
/bolīe/ |
‘let's talk’ |
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low |
ਝਾ |
/čā̀/ |
‘peep’ |
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low |
ਘੋੜਾ |
/kòṛā/ |
‘horse’ |
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low |
ਭੇਜੂੰਗਾ |
/pèjū̃gā/ |
‘will send’ |
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high |
ਚਾਹ |
/čā́/ |
‘tea’ |
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high |
ਕੋੜ੍ਹਾ |
/kóṛā/ |
‘leper’ |
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high |
ਖਾਊਂਗਾ |
/khā́ū̃gā/ |
‘will eat’’ |
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Tone on second syllable :
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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normal |
ਛਲਾ |
/čhalā / |
‘deceive’ |
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normal |
ਕਰਾਈ |
/karāī/ |
‘get it done’ |
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low |
ਭਰਾ |
/parā̀/ |
‘fill’ |
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low |
ਪੜ੍ਹਾਈ |
/paṛā̀ī/ |
‘studies’ |
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high |
ਵਗਾਹ |
/wagā́/ |
‘throw’ |
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high |
ਕਰਾਊਂ |
/karā́ū̃/ |
‘will get it done’ |
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Four syllable and longer words are infrequent, but follow the same patterns.
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§ PATTERN PRACTICE |
11.12
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਚਿੜੀ ਨੇ ਚੌਲ਼ਾਂ ਦਾ ਦਾਣਾ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ। |
čiṛī ne čͻḷā̃ dā dāṇā liā̃dā |
The sparrow brought a grain of rice. |
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ਕਾਂ ਨੇ ਪਾਣੀ ਲਿਆਂਦਾ। |
kā̃ ne pāṇī liā̃dā. |
The crow brought water. |
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ਇਹਨੇ ਸਲਾਈ ਲਿਆਂਦੀ। |
éne salāī liā̃dī. |
He brought a needle. |
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ਇਹਨੇ ਫਲ ਲਿਆਂਦੇ। |
éne phal liā̃de. |
He brought fruit. |
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11.13
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਕਾਂ ਅਗ ਬਾਲਣ ਲੱਗਾ। |
kā̃ ag bālaṇ laggā. |
The crow began to make a fire. |
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ਮੁੰਡਾ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਨ ਲੱਗਾ। |
mũḍā kãm karn laggā. |
The boy began to work. |
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ਕੁੜੀ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਨ ਲੱਗੀ। |
kuṛī kãm karn laggī. |
The girl began to work. |
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ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਪਾਣੀ ਲੈਣ ਲੱਗੀਆਂ। |
kuṛīā̃ pāṇī lɛṇ laggīā̃. |
The girls began to bring water. |
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11.14
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਚਿੜੀ ਅਗ ਬਾਲਣ ਲਈ ਗਈ। |
čiṛī ag bālaṇ laī gaī. |
The sparrow went to make a fire. |
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ਕਾਂ ਖਿਚੜੀ ਰਿੰਨ੍ਹਣ ਚਲਾ ਗਿਆ। |
kā̃ khičṛī rínaṇ čalā giā. |
The crow went to cook /khičṛī/. |
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ਕੁੜੀਆਂ ਪਾਣੀ ਲੈਣ ਚਲੀਆਂ ਗਈਆਂ। |
kuṛīā̃ pāṇī lɛṇ čalīā̃ gaīā̃. |
The girls went to get water. |
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ਮੁੰਡੇ ਕੰਮ ਕਰਨ ਚਲੇ ਗਏ। |
mũḍe kãm karn čale gae. |
The boys went to work. |
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11.15
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਓਹਨੇ ਸਲਾਈ ਪੂੰਝੇ ਵਿਚ ਦਿੱਤੀ। |
óne salāī pū̃́je wič dittī. |
He put the needle into the tail. |
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ਓਹਨੇ ਪੈਸਾ ਹਥ ਵਿਚ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਤਾ। |
óne pɛsā hath wič de dittā. |
He put the money in the hand. |
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ਕਾਂ ਨੇ ਪਾਣੀ ਓਹਨੂੰ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਤਾ। |
kā̃ ne pāṇī ónū̃ de dittā. |
The crow gave her the water. |
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ਚਿੜੀ ਨੇ ਕਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਖਿਚੜੀ ਦੇ ਦਿੱਤੀ। |
čiṛī ne kā̃ nū̃ khičṛī de dittī. |
The sparrow gave the crow /khičṛī/. |
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11.16
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਜਾਓ ਖੂਹ ਤੋਂ ਪਾਣੀ ਲਿਆਓ। |
jāo khū́ tõ pāṇī liāo. |
Go and get water from the well. |
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ਜਾਓ ਬਜ਼ਾਰ ਤੋਂ ਸਬਜ਼ੀ ਲਿਆਓ। |
jāo bazār tõ sabzī liāo. |
Go and get vegetables from the market. |
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ਜਾਓ ਹੋਰ ਖਿਚੜੀ ਲਿਆਓ। |
jāo hor khīčṛī liāo. |
Go and get more /khīčṛī/. |
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ਜਾਓ ਹੋਰ ਚੌਲ ਲਿਆਓ। |
jāo hor čͻḷ liāo. |
Go and get more rice. |
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11.17
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
Translation |
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ਕਾਂ ਨੇ ਚਿੜੀ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਹਾ। |
kā̃ ne čiṛī nū̃ kiā́. |
The crow said to the sparrow. |
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ਓਹਨੇ ਦੁਕਾਨਦਾਰ ਨੂੰ ਕਿਹਾ। |
óne dukāndār nū̃ kiā́. |
He said to the shopkeeper. |
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ਹਲਵਾਈ ਨੇ ਓਹਨੂੰ ਕਿਹਾ। |
halwāī ne ónū̃ kiā́. |
The confectioner said to him. |
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ਇਹਨੇ ਓਹਨੂੰ ਕਿਹਾ। |
éne ónū̃ kiā́. |
He said to her.
She said to him.
He said to him. etc. |
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11.18 |
The pattern in 11.15 is one that you have seen many times before. It is the usual way of making a command or request in the situations of most of the dialogues given in these lessons.It is the form that you will find most frequently proper in your contacts with Punjabi people
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It is given here to provide a comparison with sentences 7 and 11 in the store. These are also commands of a less polite kind. Such commands might be addressed to children or under certain circumstances to servants,
but not ordinarily to adult acquaintances.
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| 11.19 |
/óne/ is parallel in function to such sequences of words as /kā̃ ne/. /óne/, /éne/, and /ónū̃/ are written as single words because each is said with only one tone. Each Punjabi word has a tone.
To write /é ne/ would imply a second tone, /é ne/, but such a pronunciation is not used.
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| 11.20 |
/karn/ is to /kar/ as /lɛṇ/ is to /lɛ/ or /rínaṇ/ is to /rín/.
The ending here is /-n/ after /r/, /-ṇ/ after vowels, and /-aṇ/ after most consonants.
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| 11.21 |
Compare the order of words in 11.7 with line 3 in 11.1. Compare 11.8 with line 20.
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The pattern practices give what is usually considered as the normal order. In colloquial Punjabi, however, there are many departures from this "standard". Perhaps the commonest differs by only one change: one word or a group of closely related words is taken out and put at the end of the sentences after the verb. Sentences of this kind have appeared many times before in these lessons.
For example, in 2.1 :
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Gurmukhi |
Transcription |
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ਇਹ ਨੇ ਮੇਰੇ ਦੋਸਤ, ਰਾਮ ਗੋਪਾਲ। |
é ne mere dost, rām gopāl. |
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ਇਹ ਮੇਰੇ ਦੋਸਤ, ਰਾਮ ਗੋਪਾਲ ਨੇ। |
é mere dost, rām gopāl, ne. |
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/mere dost, rām gopāl/ is such a group of closely related words that act as a single unit,
even if it does constitute more than half the sentences.
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